kelly johnson skunk works quotes

Why did Ben Rich die of cancer if they had a device that could cure it? Will Rogers It is vitally important that we implement immigration reform. The founder and first director of Skunk Works was Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, who was the designer of a U.S. spy plane called the U-2. Now its 2021. The Skunk Works manager must be delegated practically complete control of their program in all aspects. Too few to do anyones career much good in terms of power or prestige. All Rights Reserved. That damn Swede, Hibbard said, can actually see air., 2023 Lockheed Martin Corporation. "Skunk Works" is the official nickname of the Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs. February 27, 1910-December 21, 1990. Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed by Ben Rich and Leo Janos. He founded the legendary 'Skunk Works' department for Lockheed that designed under his command innovative and revolutionary aircraft like the U-2, F-104, SR-71 (photo . 2. The Reptilian Alien Race: Living Among Humans For Centuries. How did he achieve such amazing success? Johnson has been awarded the Theodore von Karman Award, twice, for his aircraft designs. Clarence Leonard Kelly Johnson 19101990, National Academy of Sciences, accessed 8 September 2012. My God in heaven, he exclaimed, youre gonna blow up Burbank., The CIA had been covering Cuba with U-2 flights for years. 14. 11. This aircraft also flew higher than any other jet before it. www.lockheedmartin.com. Strong but small project offices must be provided both by the military and industry. We made every shop worker who designed or handled a part responsible for quality control. 5. There are a number of lessons for technology entrepreneurs. The Skunk Works manager must be delegated near complete control of his program in all aspects. All rights reserved. CLARENCE LEONARD (KELLY) JOHNSON February 27, 1910-December 21, 1990 BY BEN R. RICH B E QUICK, be quiet, be on time. If it looks ugly, it will fly the same. A lot of Lockheed Martins company slang has its origins with Johnson, or are about his impeccable skills. This item: Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed $2375 Kelly: More Than My Share of It All $2495 Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control From Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond $2178 Total price: $70.48 Add all three to Cart Some of these items ship sooner than the others. Kelly Johnson is known for a lot of things. Siddiq Saunderson Moved to L.A. and Immediately Bought a Prius, Millennials and Zillennials Can't Get Enough of Manual Transmissions, Dollar Flight Club Premium Plus (Lifetime Subscription), Tesla Investor Day 2023 Was Pretty Great if You Ignored Elon. We couldnt figure out what in hell it was. Whilst at Lockheed, Johnson pioneered stealth technology, with some claiming he invented it. The phrase; "keep it simple, stupid" is thought to have been coined by the late Kelly Johnson, who was the lead engineer at the Lockheed Skunk Works (a place responsible for the S-71 Blackbird spy plane amongst many other notable achievements). He was the kind of enthusiastic visionary that bulled his way past vast odds to achieve great successes, in much the same way as Edison, Ford, and other immortal tinkerers of the past. Kelly Johnson left an impact on both Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin) and aircraft design. More than my share of it all. In 1964, Johnson was awarded 6 awards, and five in 1965. . UFO accounts are journalists' stuff of dreams. KISSKeep It Simple, Stupid. The inspection system as currently used by the Skunk Works, which has been approved by both the Air Force and Navy, meets the intent of existing military requirements and should be used on new projects. Learn how we are strengthening the economies, industries and communities of our global partner nations. We know what it is. Push more basic inspection responsibility back to subcontractors and vendors. Many of these sub-divisions are working on Lockheed Martins next generation fighters! Clarence L. (Kelly) Johnson, creator of Lockheed's secret "Skunk Works" research and development division and legendary designer of aircraft, died . What he said might be new to many people today, but he revealed the information before his death in January 1995. How does ESP work? The questioner responded with, All points in time and space are connected? Rich then said, Thats how it works!, Ben Rich Lockheed Former CEO knew of extraterrestrial UFO visitors. Then she looked at the table stacked with books. There must be a minimum number of reports required, but important work must be recorded thoroughly. WE ENCOURAGE YOU TO REGISTER, LET'S BUILD A GREAT COMMUNITY TOGETHER, World Predictions Until 2050 by Remote Viewer E.M Nicolay. Even our drawings bore the logo C & Jthe word Lockheed never appeared. The local postmaster got curious about all the crates and boxes piling up in his bins and looked up C & J in the phone book and, of course, found nothing. Kelly Johnson's Skunk Works was a revolt against the formalities of conventional industry. The oil and gas companies would not like a little device in anyones home that would provide ample energy thus eliminating the need for fossil fuels, electric grids, distribution systems and monthly income for them. The term "skunk works" comes from a tiny Lockheed Martin facility run by chief engineer Kelly Johnson in the 1940s, which started in a tent next to a malodorous manufacturing plant. It was Ben Richs opinion that the public should not be told [about UFOs and extraterrestrials] . The late Ben Robert Rich was the second director of Lockheed Corp.'s top-secret research and development unit known as the "Skunk Works." Founder and . Paperback. Top Kelly Johnson Skunkworks Quotes That's what a Congressman or a Senator is for to see that too much money don't accumulate in the national Treasury. That may be our most enduring legacy as well as our source of lasting pride., When Congress approved the decision to retire the SR-71, the Smithsonian Institution requested that a Blackbird be delivered for eventual display in the Air and Space Museum in Washington and that we set a new transcontinental speed record delivering it from California to Dulles. Before Rich died of cancer, Andrews took my . Strong but small project offices must be provided both by the military and industry. But it was Hall Hibbard, Kellys boss, who summed up his abilities best. Second, we have to devise a new propulsion technology. Using what Johnson had pioneered on the P-38, especially speed, Johnson led a group of engineers, including the famous Hall Hibbard and Willis Hawkins. Hall Hibbard told the Lockheed management about Johnsons contributions. Kelly also had a unofficial 15th, 16th, and 17th rules, which he is known to have stated repeatedly to his subordinates: 16. Skunkworks reckons its anniversary to the June day in 1943 that Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, then chief of engineering for Lockheed, signed a contract with the Army Air Corps to develop, within 180 days, a jet fighter. Outlets that have called him this include: International Aviation HQ, Aviation Week and Flying Magazine. I can tell you personally that it has already started. Funding a program must be timely so that the contractor doesnt have to keep running to the bank to support government projects. Although initially hesitant, the USAF grew to rely on the U-2, eventually becoming an almost indestructible tool. We have invested in developing and demonstrating hypersonic technology for over 30 years. The Skunk Works manager must be delegated near complete control of his program in all aspects. Price and other details may vary based on product size and color. 9. Before Rich died of cancer, Andrews took my questions to him. The Botes Void: Is This Evidence Of An Alien Civilization? What I was given was the thing you can't earn, and can't keep, and often don't even recognize at the time; I mean joy. Before mercury, brandy was used to fill thermometers. 2023 Lockheed Martin Corporation. The number of people having any connection with the project must be restricted in an almost vicious manner. And, yes, we really did get some technology from them. So he decided to have one of his inspectors follow our unmarked van as it traveled back to Burbank. When Kennedy was shown the site constructions, he asked, How do we know these sites are being manned? They showed Kennedy a picture taken from 72,000 feet, showing a worker taking a dump in an outdoor latrine. 2. In 1970 Johnson was awarded theSpirit of St. LouisMedal by theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers. Other boys used to gang up on him and call him Clara. I pushed out to Mach 3.3., Over the years we had developed the concept of using existing hardware developed and paid for by other programs to save time and money and reduce the risks of failures in prototype projects., My years inside the Skunk Works, for example, convinced me of the tremendous value of building prototypes. Rule Number 2. Lockheed prevailed. Shortly after being hired by Lockheed six years earlier, Johnson had walked into his new bosss office, pointed to the companys promising new aircraft, the Electra, revealed a critical instability and then proceeded to correct the errors to the companys amazement. "Come on, Papa. Top Kelly Johnson Skunk Works Quotes It would be nice to redefine ourselves - at the moment we are drowning in diversity. Search for jobs related to kelly johnson skunk works quotes or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 19m+ jobs. Because only a few people will be used in engineering and most other areas, ways must be provided to reward good performance by pay not based on the number of personnel supervised. However, this wasnt easy, especially given the role and the other specifications the P-38 needed to have. Created by Ben Rich and Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, Skunk Works takes its name from the . In 1928, Johnson graduated from Flint Central High School. There must be a monthly cost review covering not only what has been spent and committed but also projected costs to the conclusion of the program. He was one of seven children, as well as the child of an immigrant, finances were naturally quite tight. Following his graduation in 1933, Johnson was offered and subsequently took a job at Lockheed. Yes, it is time. While in Lockheed's case the reason was the national security nature of the projects, in . As such, the CIA contracted Lockheed to develop a new, undetectable spy plane. These are the basic operations rules enunciated by founder Kelly Johnson in 1954, as cited in his successor Ben Rich's book: He lived by the motto "Be quick, be quiet, be on time." So, while in London to finalize the sale of the new Hudson bomber, the British Air Ministry requested numerous design changes, and Johnson took on the challenge over three nearly sleepless days. His three principles: First, it's more important to. He should report to a division president or higher. Rule Number 3. Kelly: More Than My Share of It All by Clarence L. Johnson 605 ratings, 4.20 average rating, 56 reviews Open Preview Kelly Quotes Showing 1-26 of 26 "Listen; you'll never learn anything by talking. I can tell you personally that weve been working on them. | Sitemap |. 7. Kelly johnson, the founder of the lockheed skunk works, established fourteen basic operating principles to govern his talented personnel and top secret projects. It is worth noting that Kelly's version of the phrase had no comma and was written "keep it . His record of design achievement in aviation is both incomparable and virtually incredible. Taking action to help you protect what matters most. Access by outsiders to the project and its personnel must be strictly controlled by appropriate security measures. Linda Thompson, It's a blessing not to be alone in your grief but it's also painful to see your parents and siblings in pain. He received a Bachelors degree in Aeronautical Engineering and later a Masters degree in Aeronautical Engineering. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Our forte was building technologically advanced airplanes of small number and of high class for highly secret missions., 2 : We already have the means to travel among the stars, but these technologies are locked up in black projects, and it would take an act of God to ever get them out to benefit humanity. A small airplane, a bomber, an aircraft carrier, all with the same shape, will have identical radar cross sections., Frankly, I don't think you could have driven a needle up my sphincter using a sledgehammer., Viewed from head-on the ship looked like Darth Vaders helmet. When Johnson returned to the US, he began working on a jet to fit what the F-86 pilots wanted. That's not a bad thing, its just going to take a while before we refocus. The Skunk Works manager must be delegated practically complete control of his program in all aspects. It was a rare win. Our Multi-Domain Operations/Joint All-Domain Operations solutions provide a complete picture of the battlespace and empowers warfighters to quickly make decisions that drive action. The main tenants of his management are: efficiency; reliability and cost-effectiveness. In their wisdom, Lockheed officials said they had complete faith in Clarence Kelly Johnson. Ben Rich may very well have asked for the device to cure him but They refused his request. "It became obvious that we would have to design better wings and tails," Johnson wrote in his autobiography, Kelly: More Than My Share of It All, "but that if we wanted higher performance we would have to get rid of the propeller." First, you have to understand that we will not get to the stars using chemical propulsion. It was a throwback to a time when airplanes were created by small teams who all broke for lunch together. The specifications applying to the hardware must be agreed to well in advance of contracting. Dont try to diminish the accomplishment of these people. One of the guys boomed Kellys ranch in Santa Barbara as a joke that backfired because he knocked out Kellys picture window. By 1955, Johnson and his secret division of engineersdubbedSkunk Workslaunched the worlds first dedicated spy plane, theU-2, just nine months after receiving an official contract. Due to the P-38s incredible speed and maneuverability, one of these P-38s shot down the aircraft carrying Isoroku Yamamoto, killing him. The Black Budget Anti-Gravity Craft You Are Not Supposed to Know About! Following the introduction of the U-2, both the USAF and CIA loved the aircraft. Happiness has to do with reason, and only reason earns it. Jack London The future rewards those who press on. The result was an airliner better than Howard Hughes couldve asked for. Use a small number of good people (10% to 25% compared to the so-called normal systems). The Air Tactical Service Command (ATSC) of the Army Air Force met with Lockheed Aircraft Corporation to express its need for . | Contact Us The 14 Rules of Skunk Works according to Lockheed Martin 1. . . As such, by the end of 1933, Lockheed promoted Johnson to Aeronautical Engineer, before becoming the chief research engineer in 1938. I don't have time to complain. Above, Kelly Johnson, who founded and run Skunk Works for decades, stands beside the F-104 Starfighter in a photo taken in 1958 Kelly Johnson was the larger-than-life figure that founded and ran . In the end, Lockheeds Skunk Works demonstrated the awesome capabilities of American inventiveness when free to operate under near ideal working conditions. Facebook gives people the power to share and makes the world more. Kelly Johnson, byname of Clarence Leonard Johnson, (born Feb. 27, 1910, Ishpeming, Mich., U.S.died Dec. 21, 1990, Burbank, Calif.), highly innovative American aeronautical engineer and designer. According to article published in May 2010 issue of the Mufon UFO Journal - Ben Rich, the Father of the Stealth Fighter-Bomber and former head of Lockheed Skunk Works,had once let out information about Extraterrestrial UFO Visitors Are Real And U.S. Military Travel To Stars This aircraft later became one of the best aircraft of WWII, flying the longest sortie in the entire war. His work was instrumental in preventing a Soviet win during the Cold War. Kelly Johnson is known for a lot of things. Johnson is perhaps best known for his contributions to aircraft design. Rudolf Steiner, One person is always too many around me. He was the lead designer on several of Lockheeds greatest aircraft in the Cold War, as well as being the first leader of Lockheeds infamous Skunk Works division. The project was highly secret, very high priority, and time was of the essence., Inside the Skunk Works, we were a small, intensely cohesive group consisting of about fifty veteran engineers and designers and a hundred or so expert machinists and shop workers., I enjoyed the goodwill of my colleagues because most of us had worked together intimately under tremendous pressures for more than a quarter century. We got these things that are handhold scanners that scan the body and determine what the condition is. Privacy Terms of Use EU and UK Data Protection Notice Cookies, Boyne, Walter J. An historical documentary about Kelly Johnson and Skunk Works, a division of Lockheed and the makers of many American iconic aircraft, such as the SR-71 Blackbird, U-2 Dragonlady, F-104. We had the specks lab tested, and they turned out to be organic materialinsects that had been injected into the stratosphere and were circling in orbit around the earth with dust and debris at seventy-five thousand feet in the jet stream. This was because the F-86 was more complex and larger than the MiG-15, which made it harder to operate during dogfights. At one point in time, the F-104 was operated by 15 different militaries. He was so powerful that simply by going along on his plans and schemes, the rest of us helped to produce miracles too. Andrews was a close personal friend of Skunk Works CEO Ben Rich the hand-picked successor of Skunk Works founder Kelly Johnson and the man famous for the F-117 Nighthawk Stealth fighter, its half-pint prototype the HAVE BLUE, and the top-secret F-19 Stealth Interceptor. Some Navy brass who saw her clenched their teeth in disgust at the sight of the most futuristic ship ever to ply the seas. After a 1969 Nixon purge, administration was handled by an international board of directors in the private sector A future commander resented having only a four-man crew to boss around on a ship that was so secret that the Navy could not even admit it existed. One Lockheed engineer, the Skunk Works founder Kelly Johnson, had an idea for how they could beat the Nazis' groundbreaking plane. They should report to a division president or higher. After Ben completed the program and returned to Skunk Works, Kelly asked him for his appraisal of the Harvard Business School. And thus, revolutionary aircraft after revolutionary aircraftincluding perhaps Johnsons greatest achievement, the SR-71 Blackbird, still the worlds fastest aircraft fifty years after its first flightrolled off the Lockheed line under Johnsons watch. This taught Johnson to be hard working as well as to conserve cash- both things that would serve him well at Lockheed. Lockheed Skunkworks Engineer USAF, and CIA Contractor Admitted : UFO Are Real Johnson soon realized that arming the aircraft was nearly impossible, so chose another route: speed. "The Ship that Never Was" from "Skunk Works" by Ben R. Rich Although slight variations exist, they go something like this: Kelly's Rules 1. Kelly Johnson Skunk Works Quotes & Sayings Happy to read and share the best inspirational Kelly Johnson Skunk Works quotes, sayings and quotations on Wise Famous Quotes. It is worth noting that Kelly's version of the phrase had no comma and was written "keep it . Johnson resigned from the corporate board of directors in 1980, but continued on as a senior advisor until his death. Skunk Works produced such revolutionary planes as the U-2, SR-71 Blackbird and FB-117 Nighthawk. The Skunk Works' program manager must be delegated practically complete control of his program in all aspects. There must be a monthly cost review covering not only what has been spent and committed but also projected costs to the conclusion of the program. We finally figured it out: they were hoisted aloft from the atomic test explosions in Russia and China., The biggest bang, which knocked us four feet backwards, came when we mixed liquid oxygen with an equal amount of liquid hydrogen. 6. The Skunk Works manager must be delegated practically complete control of his program in all aspects. Lockheed built the plane at Skunk Works headquarters in Burbank, California, in just eight months, then sent it for testing at Area 51, which Johnson nicknamed "Paradise Ranch." Johnson also pushed the limits of service ceilings at the time, giving it a service ceiling of 44,000 ft, one of the highest for any aircraft. There was no question that there were beings from outside the planet. His take on the F-35 program in particular, which the Skunk Works has had its hands in, would be amazing to hear. 7. On one of these sorties, a P-38 attacked a Japanese Navy air convoy. He asked only for hard work, good communication, and unwavering honesty. "If you want us to keep pretending that you're sorting old books whenever we come by to chat, you shouldn't slam them on the table. The Air Force rejected his design but it caught the attention of America's secretive spy agency, the CIA. 5 Best Aviation Games You Can Download Today! In 1943, Johnson proposed the idea of Lockheed building a jet fighter and doing so in an extremely short amount of time180 daysin order to get it into service to help the war effort. His statements helped to give credence to reports that the U.S. military has been flying vehicles that mimic alien craft. A very simple drawing and drawing release system with great flexibility for making changes must be provided. However, he didnt remain as a tool designer for long. Kelly Johnson's 14 Rules and Practices. I just gave it to him. What he had given him was the bird with his middle finger. The history of Skunk Works, the top-secret division of Lockheed that specialised in extreme, highly classified military aircraft design. A few times we announced a bogus flight plan and then sat back and watched the phony complaints pour in. That way we reduced rework and scrap waste. As a child, he was bullied due to his name being Clarence. 2. In the video, Speed Racer launches from a Beech 1900, a civilian aircraft the U.S. Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine Corps fly as the C-12 Huron. You dont need Harvard to teach you that its more important to listen than to talk. Arming U-2s wasnt an option- this would decrease the service ceiling of the U-2 and make it easier for Soviet radars to detect. If you've got the gold, you make the rules. What Was Barnstorming? Many of these people subsequently became executives at Lockheed Martin. Many of the systems Johnson pioneered on the Constellation were refined on the L-1011. You can get straight As from all your Harvard profs, but youll never make the grade unless you are decisive: even a timely wrong decision is better than no decision. 35 years later, in 1975, Johnson was awarded the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy for his service to military aircraft design. Will Rogers, It is vitally important that we implement immigration reform. When I was working with the Skunkworks with Kelly Johnson, we signed an agreement with the government to keep very quiet about this. No reports longer than 20 pages or meetings with more than 15 people. If he doesnt, he rapidly loses his competency to design other vehicles. Johnson borrowed the idea of the design from the German Focke-Wulf Fw 189as well as the Northrop P-61. Commercial bid procedures are very often better than military ones. IF YOU ENJOY THIS SITE PLEASE TELL OTHERS ABOUT USSHARING IS CARING. Let's go bwaa ha ha. But neither Lockheed nor the government had any resources to spare because of the total war effort going on. FOLLOW US ON FACEBOOK, TWITTER , OR SUBSCRIBE TO OUR BLOG SO YOU NEVER MISS NEWLY POSTED ARTICLES OR IMPORTANT ALERTS! We hit a tanker over the Pacific then turned and dashed east, accelerating to 2.6 Mach and about sixty thousand feet. The F-104 was first introduced in 1958, and served until 2008, one of the longest of any aircraft! 8. 3. Honest to God, there will never be another like him., We became the most successful advanced projects company in the world by hiring talented people, paying them top dollar, and motivating them into believing that they could produce a Mach 3 airplane like the Blackbird a generation or two ahead of anybody else. Despite this, Johnson spent a lot of his free time consulting on new Lockheed aircraft, until his death in 1990. Whilst at University, Johnson helped out on the wind tunnel testing of the Lockheed Model 10 Electra, Lockheeds answer to the Boeing 247. There are conflicting observations about the birth of Skunk Works. Benjamin Robert Rich (June 18, 1925 January 5, 1995) was the second director of Lockheeds Skunk Works from 1975 to 1991, succeeding its founder, Kelly Johnson. Just what the F-86 pilots had asked for. Anne Bishop, All we do is work to maximise our consumption privileges and to be able to tell people at parties that we're a lawyer, an artist or a police officer. The young Kelly Johnson, a brilliant engineer, led a team of only 28 people into the top secret project. This subsequently became used throughout the US Navy and US military in general. Due to Johnsons previous experiences pushing how high an aircraft could fly, Johnson worked extensively on pushing the aircrafts service ceiling. Now that legendary Lockheed engineer and chief model kit designer for the Testor Corporation, John Andrews, is dead, I can announce that he personally confirmed the design connection between the Roswell Spacecraft and the Lockheed Martin Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles (UCAVs), spyplanes, Joint Strike Fighters, and Space Shuttles. The majority of the F-86 pilots wanted an aircraft that was much simpler, smaller and was faster than contemporary Soviet jets. 1 : Inside the Skunk Works (Lockheeds secret research and development entity), we were a small, intensely cohesive group consisting of about fifty veteran engineers and designers and a hundred or so expert machinists and shop workers. 13. 8. Moreover, his total net worth is about $2.5 million US dollars as of 2022. The Skunk Works. Walt Whitman, Avast talking about me as though I were not standing here. By that, his employees should never delay a contract, or overrun on costs, and/or never deliver a product that is subpar. Here, Johnson became the lead engineer on several of Skunk Works most successful and futuristic projects. This resulted in Irv Culver, answering the internal phone lines as Skonk Works in reference to a comic strip in the local newspaper. The Korean War saw first generation F-86 Sabres and MiG-15s fighting one another. The Skunk Works manager must be delegated practically complete control of their program in all aspects. That. He should report to a division president or higher. Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Projects (ADP), known officially as Skunk Works, was a secret aeronautical research facility in Burbank, California. Another opponent was Ed Martin, who thought that anyone who hadnt been building airplanes since the propeller-driven days wasnt worth talking to, much less listening to. He should report to a division president or higher. Kelly Johnson had designed the fly higher than the U-2, at 85,000ft (26,000m). And we have ones that can diagnose and cure cancer. $21.95 $ 21. Although, he contributed the most to: During the 1930s, Lockheed, as with most other aircraft manufacturers, strived to make faster and more agile aircraft. However, the 1960 U-2 incident highlighted to the USAF and CIA that the U-2 wasnt invincible and needed something to prevent that. Any workernot just a supervisor or a managercould send back a part that didnt meet his or her standards. Author: Shaikh Ashraf. The contractor must be delegated the authority to test his final product in flight. Lindemann added that Bill McDonald received the above information from Andrews from 1994 until their last phone call near Christmas in 1998. Lindemann also noted It should also be known that Dr. Ben R. Rich attended a public aerospace designers and engineers conference in 1993 before his illness overwhelmed him in which he stated in the presence of MUFON Orange County Section Director Jan Harzan and many others that We (i.e., the U.S. aerospace community/military industrial complex) had in its possession the technology to take us to the stars. Alya Kulikova is a Russian avgeek who loves nothing more than learning about new aircraft, and sharing that with her fellow avgeeks! 16 results for "kelly johnson skunk works" RESULTS. In 1995, Lockheed merged with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin, the present incarnation of the company. Lead by the legendary Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, a titan of the aircraft industry, Skunk Works produced such revolutionary planes as the U-2, SR-71 Blackbird and FB-117 Nighthawk. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! These were based on Johnsons personal work ethics and experiences. While Lockheed was working on the XP-80 project, access to, and even knowledge of, the design facility was rigidly controlled.

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