tropical forest restoration pros and cons

Some popular forms of dance in Cuba are salsa and ballet. ; Gamma, A.; Liechti, M.; Huber, T. Cement-Lock. Sun, Y.; Zhang, D.; Tao, H.; Yang, Y.; Chen, M.H. Anode and cathode achieved up to 73% and 54% removal efficiency of Cr. But importing these amphibians helps spread diseases like Bsal and Bd to native populations. The best Hg-removal (~71% in 400 h) was achieved. Dr. Letcher in a 15-year-old secondary forest in Costa Rica. 120. 1 (Summer 1996), pp. 2010; Rands et al. 1 Weather The weather in the tropical rainforest is always hot and humid. Eventually, he began visiting Shinto sites and observing their chinju no mori, or sacred shrine forests. Miyawaki determined that these were time capsules, showing how indigenous forest was layered together from four categories of native plantings: main tree species, sub-species, shrubs, and ground-covering herbs. Deforestation contributes to climate change, and climate change costs governments. Possible developments for ex situ phytoremediation of contaminated sediments, in tropical and subtropical regionsReview. Chand, V.; Prasad, S. ICP-OES assessment of heavy metal contamination in tropical marine sediments: A comparative study of two digestion techniques. Preventing loss of corals and their habitat. Furthermore, the environmental impact of these technologies should also be continuously monitored and analyzed. This is becoming more evident every single year, Houlihan tells us. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of manganese and ammonia nitrogen from electrolytic manganese residue using pulsed electric field in different enhancement agents. Thomas, G.; Isabelle, C.; Frederic, H.; Catherine, P.; Marie-Anne, B. The Healthy Forests Initiative does that with a plan that has the consensus support of scientists, wildlife biologists and professional foresters. Restoring marsh habitat with beneficial use of dredged sediment from a riverine environment. Rainforest fires are occurring annually in Brazil and parts of the Congo Basin, while places like Borneo in Southeast Asia are engulfed in flames. We can think of the increasing number and intensity of cyclones and Atlantic Hurricanes here, too, he says, as well as their ensuing costs to peoples livelihoods. ; Marcovecchio, J.E. Construction-grade cement production from contaminated sediments using Cement-Lock technology. The Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology has proven effective for countries in planning their restoration actions. Much headway is being made with longleaf pine restoration, for example, using this model. Ji, Z.; Pei, Y. Bibliographic and visualized analysis of geopolymer research and its application in heavy metal immobilization: A review. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030207, Xu Q, Wu B. ; Wang, Y.A. Cai, Z.; Doren, J.V. ; Wu, S.C. Phytotoxicity of dredged sediment from urban canal as land application. The .gov means its official. Luckily, swift action and innovation have the power to save these biomes from the brink if we act before it's too late. 1 (July 2012), pp. Older trees store more carbon, while younger trees remove, or sequester, more of it. 2016 Oct 17;7:1538. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01538. 2023 Jan 2;378(1867):20210077. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0077. MeSH ; Machado, S.R. Results Total adoption in the Scenario 1 is 161.4 million hectares in 2050, representing 56 Sediment is an important part of aquatic systems, which plays a vital role in transporting and storing metals. HS from the sesame straw removed more than 74% of Cd and 42% of Ni from sediment. Mattson, I.I. Wang, L.; Chen, L.; Tsang, D.W.C. WebTropical forest restoration is the highest-priority solution for degraded tropical forestland. The top five reasons protected areas matter are: 1. Xing, L.; Wen, J.; Yan, C.; Wang, Q.; Xue, Z. Bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in an air-lift bioreactor: Effects of sulfur concentration. Using an algorithm similar to Toyotas assembly line that produces several different types of cars, each with its own requirements, he derived his own formula to make a multi-layered forest with plantings that also have different time, space, and other needs. ; Chen, G.; Xu, J. Stabilization/solidification and recycling of sediment from Taihu Lake in China: Engineering behavior and environmental impact. and B.W. The removal rate of total Cr reached 61%. ; Becelic-Tomin, M.D. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! ; Sung, K. Influence of washing treatment on the qualities of heavy metal-contaminated soil. Research from Wageningen University in the Netherlands, which found increased fungi, bacteria, pollinators, and amphibians on two tiny planted forest sites in urban Zaanstad that were based on Sharmas models,, lends some scientific credence to this claim. Oecologia. Reli, D.; orevi, D.; Sakan, S.; Anelkovi, I.; Panteli, A.; Stankovi, R.; Popovi, A. The highest removal efficiency was 56% (Cd), 45% (Cu) and 40% (Zn). ; Morrison, L. Dredged marine sediments stabilized/solidified with cement and GGBS: Factors affecting mechanical behaviour and leachability. The treatment of dredged sediment emphasizes the principles of harmless reduction and resource utilization. Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. ; Afridi, H.I. Review of the current situation of coastal ecological engineering using dredged marine sediments and prospects for potential application in China. Lock However, the former are more expensive and the latter are time-consuming and have unstable efficiency. Reduced impact logging (RIL) is the intensively planned and carefully controlled implementation of timber harvesting operations to minimize environmental impacts on forest stands and soils. 2014 Jul 18;5:345. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00345. Pasture succession in the Neotropics: extending the nucleation hypothesis into a matrix discontinuity hypothesis. 2023. During the capture process some typographical errors may occur. ; Feng, S. Transformation of heavy metal fraction distribution in contaminated river sediment treated by chemical-enhanced washing. It also found that tearing down the rainforest would have significant impacts on economies long term by decreasing rainfall and could cost a staggering $422 million in annual loss to agriculture. ; Carletti, P.; Dobbss, L.B. Discover the world's research 20+ million members WebPros and cons of tropical forest restoration/reforestation Tom Geary Forest Scientist, Retired, US Forest Service, USA ThomasGeary@hotmail.com Greenhouse gases, especially ; Giosan, L.; Peyronnin, N. Enhancing mud supply from the Lower Missouri River to the Mississippi River Delta USA: Dam bypassing and coastal restoration. The removal efficiencies (CA) ranged from 78 to 82% for Ni, Cu, Zn and Cr. Chen, Y.X. Reid JL, Mendenhall CD, Rosales JA, Zahawi RA, Holl KD. 46-52, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. Udovic, M.; Lestan, D. EDTA and HCl leaching of calcareous and acidic soils polluted with potentially toxic metals: Remediation efficiency and soil impact. WebThere are many localized benefits from tropical reforestation that will help the communities over the next forty years as the trees mature from reclaiming traditional parts of their diet ; Kwak, D.H. Role and applicability of bubble flotation model in sediment remediation in natural water systems. 2 (2015), pp. Heavy metals are natural components of the Earths crust. Part II: Durability of materials. As a young graduate student in the late 1950s, Akira Miyawaki learned about the emergent concept of potential natural vegetation (PNV). The maximum content of heavy metals were much lower than the respective contamination limits set by US EPA. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Li, Y.; Zhou, Q.; Ren, B.; Luo, J.; Yuan, J.; Ding, X.; Bian, H.; Yao, X. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. While we can never completely stop the heinous acts of arsonists or the criminally negligent, we can do something about the growing risk of catastrophic fire if we have the will and dedicate the resources to do so. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. ; Wang, L. Sustainable ex-situ remediation of contaminated sediment: A review. In. Using this four-category system, along with his surveys of these sites and his knowledge of PNV and phytosociology, Miyawaki designed his own system for planting forests. https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/52652, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science, Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center. Fonti, V.; DellAnno, A.; Beolchini, F. Does bioleaching represent a biotechnological strategy for remediation of contaminated sediments? Distance to forest did not affect seed rain. Arain, M.B. This research was funded by Ministry of Science and Technology, Peoples Republic of China [Grant number 2020YFC1908603], Shanghai Science and Technology Committee [Grant number 21YF1449100, 21230714500], and Tongji University [Grant number 22120210533, 2022-4-YB-11]. The goal of this symposium is to present some of Many SRS publications are available at cost via the Government Printing Office (GPO). In. Hed come to apply his method to a tract of land around the factory where Sharma worked. The solidification effect of OPC on Cu was better than that on Cd, even in acidic, Very low leaching concentrations of Zn (<0.1 mg/L) and Cu (0.05 mg/L) were. ; Rogers, J.D. Recycling dredged sediment into fill materials, partition blocks, and paving blocks: Technical and economic assessment. Due to its abundance, persistence, and environmental toxicity, heavy metal pollution has always been one of the hot spots in the world. Sophorolipid was the most effective ones with the removal efficiency of 39% (Cu) and 70% (Cd). Masi, M.; Marini, A.; Ostuni, M.B. Deforestation is responsible for an estimated 5 billion tons, or 17 percent, of annual global carbon emissions, not to mention soil erosion and biodiversity loss. An official website of the United States government. Tel: +27 (0) 11 256 3600, Media Contacts https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030207, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Razavi, M.; Kebria, D.Y. This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain. Improving the microenvironment of Cd-contaminated river sediments through humic substances washing and zeolite immobilization. Dr. All Rights Reserved. The detection limit was 5.0 mg/kg. Thats why afforestation is critical to the continuation of life on our planet, which is rapidly heating while losing its ecological biodiversity. Accordingly, methods to accelerate forest recovery must address multiple impediments. ; Wunderlin, D.A. Open-pasture "islands" of equal sizes served as controls. ; Thomas, M.S. The Southern California disaster that burns with no end in sight was not unforeseen. Huang, H.M.; Gao, Y.; Wang, Y.X. In 2008, Karachi stuck into the ground 2.2 million non-native Conocarpus trees, a species notorious for contributing to droughts in water-scarce places, which left experts worrying about the potential adverse effects. ; McQueen, A.D.; Wilkens, J.L. The average removal rates were 85%, 73%, 56% and 35% for CA, malic acid, tartaric acid and oxalic acid, respectively. Kim, M.S. Emerging ionic liquid-based techniques for total-metal and metal-speciation analysis. ; Ciminelli, V.S.T. EKR enhanced by CA and biosurfactants (rhamnolipids and saponin). JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. Email Mamadou Diakhite: AFR100Sec@nepad.org A solution for restoration of critical wetlands and waterbird habitats in coastal deltaic systems. He made his living as an industrial engineer, a career he had dreamed of, in fact, since his boyhood. ; Mokgalaka, N.S. In situ electrokinetic (EK) remediation of the total and plant available cadmium (Cd) in paddy agricultural soil using low voltage gradients at pilot and full scales. Karna, R.R. Chemosphere Environ. Mechanical and microstructure of magnesium potassium phosphate cement with a high concentration of Ni(II) and its leaching toxicity. Historically, however, afforestation was largely seen as a means to generate income from timber and other products. PMC Zhou, Z.; Guo, L.; Minor, E.C. Much headway is being made with longleaf pine restoration, for example, using this model. Am J Primatol. more 1. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb from Sediment, Followed by FAAS and GFAAS Analysis. He watched as the young, frail plants leafed and flowered, quickly growing tall and thick, as a dozen species of birds moved in to the newly lush habitat, as a thermometer registered coolness beneath the treesa difference of some 5 degrees Celsius from the surrounding aireven in Junes blistering heat. ; Hanein, T.; Nelson, S.; Provis, J.L. Green remediation of contaminated sediment by stabilization/solidification with industrial by-products and CO. Du, J.; Bu, Y.; Guo, S.; Tian, L.; Shen, Z. OPC is a simple and cost-effective solidifying material but it has some defects of high greenhouse gases emissions, high porosity, and high pollutants leaching levels [. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Ayyanar, A.; Thatikonda, S. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for heavy metal-contaminated sediments focusing on treatment of generated effluents from EKR and recovery of EDTA. WebPros. Recent Progress on Ex Situ Remediation Technology and Resource Utilization for Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment. ; Yuan, P.; Cui, X.Y. Forest degradation and clearing are major causes of global biodiversity loss (Pereira et al. 7-12, By: Marysa M. Lagu and Abigail L. S. Swann, Journal of Climate, Vol. ; Taha, Y.; Elghali, A.; Mabroum, S.; Hakkou, R.; Benzaazoua, M. Green and low-carbon cement for stabilization/solidification. We are at a fork in the road, and our actions today could change the future for the better for these ecosystems. Humanity needs to be investing in the future of our planet for all life on earth, including our own species., But what can we do about it? WebInternational Institute of Tropical Forestry; Northern Research Station ; Pacific Northwest Research Station; Pacific Southwest Research Station ; Rocky Mountain Research Station; However, there are a number of issues associated with the use of planting that raise questions on public and private lands, including cost, quality of genetic stock, and the speed with which restored habitat can be obtained. ; Chen, X.; Song, D.; Qiu, J.; Yang, P. An integrated method for the rapid dewatering and solidification/stabilization of dredged contaminated sediment with a high water content. Build 2023.2.22.20 (Production), Terms & Conditions ; Chen, B.; Shen, Z. ; Todaro, F.; Mesto, E.; Schingaro, E.; Notarnicola, M. Recycling contaminated marine sediments as filling materials by pilot scale stabilization/solidification with lime, organoclay and activated carbon. ; Dai, J.G. ; Saltus, C.L. Pozzolanic materials themselves are not cementitious, but when pozzolanic cement is hydrated, reactive oxides (e.g., SiO, CSA are traditionally composed of yeelimite (major phase), belite, ferrite, ternesite, anhydrite (and/or gypsum), or mayenite [, MC are now receiving attention due to its great performance for solidifying heavy metals, especially for magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) and magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) cement [, Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are prepared by the reaction of an aluminosilicate precursor (e.g., slag, fly ash, hybrid binders) with an alkali activator, including geopolymers [, Thermal processes that use heat to process waste include thermal desorption, incineration, vitrification, and thermoplastic polymer processes [. An official website of the United States government. In Proceedings of the Western Dredging Association 19th Technical Conference and 31st Texas A&M Dredging Seminar, Louisville, KY, USA, 1618 May 1999; pp. ; Tang, C.C. 2015 Jun;25(4):1072-82. doi: 10.1890/14-1399.1. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0464:tfrtia]2.0.co;2. Kim, H.S. A lock ( Niu, Y.; Chen, F.; Li, Y.; Ren, B. ; Lou, Q.S. The more rainforests are deforested and opened up in terms of access, and the more population growth expands in proximity to these environments, the more that future generations will be exposed to future pandemics., Peter Daszak, president of EcoHealth Alliance, a US-based non-profit dedicated to analyzing and preventing pandemics, elaborates on this in the Guardian: One-third of emerging diseases are the product of these rapid changes in land use, as people are pushed into contact with wildlife they would once have rarely encountered.. ; Ren, C.A. Rainforests once covered 14% of the worlds landmass. 1. Kovcs, K.; Halsz, G.; Takcs, A.; Heltai, G.; Szles, .; Gyri, Z.; Horvth, M. Study of ultrasound-assisted sequential extraction procedure for potentially toxic element content of soils and sediments. Before Seedling density did not differ among treatments (mean 0.2 seedlings/m2 for islands vs. 0.1 seedlings/m2 for pasture), although an increasing trend in tree islands over the course of two years suggests that seedling recruitment is accelerated there. Vollenweider, F.X. Barjoveanu, G.; Gisi, S.D. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. A large part of this process consists of These are short-term economic gains to cutting down this irreplaceable and incredible natural resource, but its a false economy. and B.W. ; Li, J.S. Peng, J.F. Arrivabene, H.P. Demonstrating the influence of sediment source in dredged sediment recovery for brick and tile production. Global warming is global. eCollection 2016. van Kuijk M, Anten NP, Oomen RJ, Schieving F. Front Plant Sci. In rocks, they occur as minerals in different chemical forms, such as sulfides and oxides [, As heavy metals are transported into the water, most fractions (>90%) are trapped in sediments by adsorption, precipitation, complexation, and chelation reactions [, Traditionally, remediation of metal-contaminated sediments has been achieved through in situ and ex situ treatment [, Sediment washing extracts metals from dredged sediment to the washing solution through high-pressure water jets or adding some chemical washing agents (such as inorganic acid, chelators, and surfactants) (, EKR can be applied both in situ and ex situ, which involves inserting electrodes into a contaminated medium and applying an electric field to move the contaminant towards the electrodes [, Floatation is a possible technique for remediation of dredge sediment, which is obviously affected by the sediment properties (e.g., particle size), bubbles, and extraction agents [, Recently, microwave and ultrasonic-assisted heavy metal extractions have been emerging, which have the advantages of labor-less, time-saving, lower reagents usage, reduced contamination, and enhanced operator safety in comparison with conventional chemical extraction (, Ex situ phytoremediation seems to have strong potential for treatment contaminated sediments. Find more information here and click here to register. Beneficial use of dredged sediment as a sustainable practice forrestoring coastal marsh habitat. ; Jalbani, N.; Sarfraz, R.A. Effect of soil washing and liming on bioavailability of heavy metals in acid contaminated soil. ; Xiao, S.T. In this article, the state-of-art ex situ remediation technology for metal-contaminated sediments is elaborated, including Critics have accused him of shilling for corporations like Toyota, which have contributed to deforestation in places such as India, and of creating monotonous-looking forests that are expensive to boot. eCollection 2014. Miyawaki has planted over 40 million trees in this way, in 15 countries, including, especially, his own. The presentations will range widely from recent controversies associated with tropical restoration and reforestation, to issues linked with governance strategies for tree 2023; 11(3):207. Please, To view this article, download the latest version of. The recovery was from 82% to 103%. ; Poon, C.S. It can completely remove contaminants in sediment with quick results, but it requires a large investment and covers a wide area. 2009 May;84(2):203-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00070.x. Mcqueen, A.D.; Suedel, B.C. Rapid determination of total metals: Synergic effect of ultrasound energy and ionic liquids on the digestion of sediment samples. WebBusinesses adapting to afforestation are more stable and can have healthy sales throughout the year as compared to those relying on natural forests, which take their sweet time to bear fruit. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. An overview of carcinogenic heavy metal: Molecular toxicity mechanism and prevention. A Feature Forests cool the air and generate oxygen, plus they clean our waters and regulate precipitation and wind. EKR with both MGDA and Tween 80 as processing agents. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sharma volunteered to help place over 32,000 native trees and plants like neem, mango, and teak into the otherwise industrial landscape. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, Review of remediation technologies for sediments contaminated by heavy metals. Chen, S.Y. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for Prevents Soil Erosion. The removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil by a combination of sulfidisation and flotation. ; Luxton, T.; Bronstein, K.E. ; Yang, X.M. Duruibe, J.O. Official websites use .gov Conventional, microwave, and ultrasound sequential extractions for the fractionation of metals in sediments within the Petrochemical Industry, Serbia. 2. ; Roy, D.M. Our online publications are scanned and captured using Adobe Acrobat. Specifically, XPRIZE Rainforest is challenging the worlds innovators to co-design and co-create new technologies to rapidly and autonomously catalog diverse forms of life within rainforests. ; visualization, Q.X. ; Llamas, N.E. ; Torre, A.G.D.L. Recognizing the essentialness of forests, the UNs International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the German government issued the Bonn Challengejust as Sharma was getting Afforestt up and running. 2010 Dec;58(4):1271-82. doi: 10.15517/rbt.v58i4.5411. 172-181, Wiley on behalf of the New Phytologist Trust, The Irish Review (Dublin), Vol. But thinning around homes is not a cure-all -- a hundred-foot wall of flames simply will not lie down at a fuel break or small clearing. and B.W. Contaminated dredged sediments are usually fine texture, and some are low nutrient content or high salinity [, Bioleaching is the application of acidophilic microorganisms capable of Fe/S oxidative metabolism to promote metal dissolution in solid substrates, which is normally conducted as a sediment/soil slurry bioreactor [, S/S technology is used to immobilize contaminants both physically and chemically, which is evidently the most suitable for treatment of metal wastes [, OPC is a hydraulic binder mainly comprised of alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite [, When OPC blends with supplementary cementitious materials (e.g., fly ash, kiln dust, or silica fume), they would have pozzolanic reactions during hydration. See further details. Yan, T.A. Optimization of Solidification and Stabilization Efficiency of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment Based on Response Surface Methodology. Restoration interventions mediate tropical tree recruitment dynamics over time. Biodiversity investment frameworks, such as the Global Biodiversity Framework, require accurate and timely biodiversity assessments as a means to measure project success and satisfy the impact needs of donors and investors, shares XPRIZE Rainforest Technical Lead Kev Marriott. Tropical forest restoration is a global, high-value opportunity In total, 144 140 seeds belonging to 186 species were collected in islands; more than 80% were grasses. ; Karim AT, A.; Chan, C.M. Chen, S.Y. Changes in speciation and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in dredged sediment solidified/stabilized with various materials. In this article, the state-of-art ex situ remediation technology for metal-contaminated sediments is elaborated, including You are accessing a machine-readable page. 230 15th Road, Midrand, 1685, South Africa. The efficiency does not reach that of the (3 + 1)-step BCR procedure. Wang, L.; Chen, L.; Tsang, D.C.W. Ultimately, says Houlihan, ecological tipping points beyond which ecosystems like rainforests will collapse have been predicted for decades; it is a matter of global security and resilience that we save them. Particularly as rainforests contain scientific insights that are being lost before they can even be revealed. JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. ; Hayes, M. An alternative to Portland Cement for waste encapsulation-The calcium sulfoaluminate cement system. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. Forest fires extensively affect vegetation cover, density, structure, composition, diversity, and productivity. Species are being lost at an alarming rate. ; Zhou, G.D.; Luo, Y.M. ; Scheckel, K.G. organization in the United States. 8600 Rockville Pike Yoo, J.C.; Lee, C.D. The recovery was 9699%. In, Poellmann, H.; Auer, S.; Kuzel, H.J. ; Chen, Y.H. We need policies that protect our national treasures and conserve forests for future generations. Yet the costs of projected climate change dont stop there. ; Mohammed, B.S. Falciglia, P.P. Forest degradation is a global phenomenon and while being an important indicator and precursor to further forest loss, carbon emissions due to degradation should also be accounted for in national reporting within the frame of UN REDD+. ; Peng, T.F. Planting forests can also help reduce fertilizer runoff into rivers that causes algae blooms and create wildlife corridors between one isolated verdant bit and another. Toxicol. Available online: Lpez-Delgado, A.; Lpez, F.A. The plan puts a priority on lands: - that provide important habitat for threatened and endangered species; and. Tropical forest recovery in pastures is slowed by a number of biotic and abiotic factors, including a lack of adequate seed dispersal and harsh microclimatic extremes. ; data curation, Q.X. Zhao, Z.; Mahfoud, B.; Nor-Edine, A.; Denis, D.; Luc, C.; Wang, D. Use of uncontaminated marine sediments in mortar and concrete by partial substitution of cement. WebRain forest restoration holds much promise in helping to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services, but is not a substitute for preserving intact forest. Deforestation takes place to turn forests into agricultural land for the production of commodities like palm oil and cattle, for mining, or to make way for new infrastructures like roads and dams.

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