[101] In this route the only span where a desert march could have occurred is between Jabal al-Bishri and Palmyra, though the area between the two places is considerably less than a six-day march and contains a number of water sources. The most famous historical report on Khalid b. Walid is about his behavior toward Malik b. Nuwayra, a companion of Prophet Muhammad (s). [8] The narratives of the battle describe Khalid riding through the field, slaying the Muslims with his lance. Khalid ibn AI-Waleed [ranhu] "The Sword of Allah" (d. 21 A.H.) It is reported that Prophet Muhammad [saw] said, 'The better ones of you in the Days of Ignorance are the better ones of you in Islam when they understand ( the religion ).". [1] About twenty-five of Khalid's paternal cousins, including Abu Jahl, and numerous other kinsmen were slain in that engagement. [101] The second Palmyra-Damascus itinerary is a relatively direct route between al-Hira to Palmyra via Ayn al-Tamr. Routing the Byzantine armies, he surrounded Damascus, which surrendered on Sept. 4, 635, and pushed northward. [151] Among them were his independent decision-making and minimal coordination with the leadership in Medina; older allegations of moral misconduct, including his execution of Malik ibn Nuwayra and subsequent marriage to Malik's widow; accusations of generous distribution of booty to members of the tribal nobility to the detriment of eligible early Muslim converts; personal animosity between Khalid and Umar; and Umar's uneasiness over Khalid's heroic reputation among the Muslims, which he feared could develop into a personality cult. [78] He received similar assistance from the Sadus clan of the Dhuhl tribe under Qutba ibn Qatada and the Ijl tribe under al-Madh'ur ibn Adi during the engagements at Ubulla and Walaja. Its defenders were backed by their nomadic allies from the Byzantine-confederate tribes, the Ghassanids, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra and Banu Kalb. selama 30 tahun. He later became a Muslim and spent the remainder of his career in service to Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs: Abu Bakr and Umar. [42] As a result of the victory at Buzakha, the Muslims gained control over most of Najd. Khalid was subsequently demoted and removed from the army's high command by Umar. [82] In Kennedy's view, Khalid's push toward the desert frontier of Iraq was "a natural continuation of his work" subduing the tribes of northeastern Arabia and in line with Medina's policy to bring all nomadic Arab tribes under its authority. [117][118], Khalid and the Muslim commanders headed west to Palestine to join Amr as the latter's subordinates in the Battle of Ajnadayn, the first major confrontation with the Byzantines, in July. [187] As a result, his family's properties, including his residence and several other houses in Medina, were inherited by Ayyub ibn Salama, a great-grandson of Khalid's brother al-Walid ibn al-Walid. khalid bin walid. He fought more than 100 battles and remain undefeated. [165] Khalid made Qinnasrin his headquarters, settling there with his wife. [18][19] The purpose of the raid may have been to acquire booty in the wake of the Sasanian Persian army's retreat from Syria following its defeat by the Byzantine Empire in July. [90] Khalid likely began his march to Syria in early April 634. [157], Abu Ubayda and Khalid proceeded from Damascus northward to Homs (called Emesa by the Byzantines) and besieged the city probably in the winter of 636637. [115] The Byzantines may not have reestablished an imperial garrison in the city in the aftermath of the Sasanian withdrawal in 628 and the Muslim armies encountered token resistance during their siege. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. Corrections? Ibn Kathir confirms that there was no demotion, and that Khalid was "left in charge" (v.3 p.425). How did Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed died? [152], The modern historians De Goeje, William Muir and Andreas Stratos viewed Umar's enmity with Khalid as a contributing cause of Khalid's dismissal. [168] According to al-Tabari, he was one of the witnesses of a letter of assurance by Umar to Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem guaranteeing the safety of the city's people and property. Military historians, including those at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, consider Khalid one of the great commanders of history. [140], The Byzantines pursued the Muslims into their camp, where the Muslims had their camel herds hobbled to form a series of defensive perimeters from which the infantry could fight and which Byzantine cavalries could not easily penetrate. In the narrative of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid misunderstood the tribesmen's acceptance of the faith as a rejection or denigration of Islam due to his unfamiliarity with the Jadhima's accent and consequently attacked them. How old was Khalid ibn Walid when he died? [101] The stretch of desert between Ayn al-Tamr and Palmyra is long enough to corroborate a six-day march and contains scarce watering points, though there are no placenames that can be interpreted as Quraqir or Suwa. [172] Sayf's account notes that Umar sent notice to the Muslim garrisons in Syria and Iraq that Khalid was dismissed not as a result of improprieties but because the troops had become "captivated by illusions on account of him [Khalid]" and he feared they would disproportionately place their trust in him rather than God. [60] Abu Bakr ratified the treaty, though he remained opposed to Khalid's concessions and warned that the Hanifa would remain eternally faithful to Musaylima. [123] Modern research questions Abu Ubayda's arrival in Syria by the time of the siege. [180], Khalid is credited by the early sources for being the most effective commander of the conquests, including after his dismissal from the supreme command. [55] Ikrima was repelled by Musaylima's forces and thereafter instructed by Abu Bakr to quell rebellions in Oman and Mahra (central southern Arabia) while Shurahbil was to remain in the Yamama in expectation of Khalid's large army. Khalid died in either Medina or Homs in 642. Khlid ibn al-Wald is not known in the West because our history is heavily Euro-centric and ignores much of what happened in the remainder of the world. [179][199], Since at least the 12th century, Khalid's tomb has been purported to be located in the present-day, The purported tomb of Khalid within the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque, Conversion to Islam and service under Muhammad, Elimination of Musaylima and conquest of the Yamama, The time and place that Khalid gained the epithet, Abu Bakr had previously dispatched the bulk of the Muslim army, under, Most of the Muslim accounts are traced to the prominent 8th-century jurist of, The Muslim forces entered similar agreements with nearly all the cities they besieged in Syria, including, Following his conversion to Islam, Khalid was granted a plot of land by the Islamic prophet, Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi, 7th century in Lebanon aba who have visited Lebanon, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, "The Struggle against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama", "Seeing the Light: Enacting the Divine at Three Medieval Syrian Shrines", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalid_ibn_al-Walid&oldid=1136564853, Supreme commander of Muslim armies in Syria (634636), Field commander in northern Syria (636638), This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 23:53. [136] Khalid consequently withdrew, taking up position north of the Yarmouk River,[138] close to where the Ruqqad meets the Yarmouk. [147], Khalid was retained as supreme commander of the Muslim forces in Syria between six months and two years from the start of Umar's caliphate, depending on the source. 'Helpers'), the natives of Medina who hosted Muhammad after his emigration from Mecca, attempted to elect their own leader. [86], The extent of Khalid's role in the conquest of Iraq is disputed by modern historians. 575641). [153] Athamina holds that "with all his military limitations", Abu Ubayda would not have been considered "a worthy replacement for Khlid's incomparable talents". [45] Abu Bakr consequently resolved to have him executed by Khalid. selama berapa tahun kah , masa pemerintahan Khulafaurrasyidin ? [145], Jandora credits the Muslim victory at Yarmouk to the cohesion and "superior leadership" of the Muslim army, particularly the "ingenuity" of Khalid, in comparison to the widespread discord in the Byzantine army's ranks and the conventional tactics of Theodorus, which Khalid "correctly anticipated". The latter, with the key intervention of the prominent Muhajirun, Umar ibn al-Khattab and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, overrode the Ansar and acceded. [68], The focus of Khalid's offensive was the western banks of the Euphrates river and the nomadic Arabs who dwelt there. In 2013, the Syrian army destroyed Khalid ibn al Walid's grave during their bombardment and siege of the rebel city of Homs. Kister dismisses the much larger figures cited by most of the early Muslim sources as exaggerations. [93], In the Dumat al-Jandal campaign, Khalid was instructed by Abu Bakr or requested by one of the commanders of the campaign, al-Walid ibn Uqba, to reinforce the lead commander Iyad ibn Ghanm's faltering siege of the oasis town. 60 seconds . [167], Khalid may have participated in the siege of Jerusalem, which capitulated in 637 or 638. Khalid subsequently moved against the largely Christian Arab tribes and the Sasanian Persian garrisons of the Euphrates valley in Iraq. [123][126] The Muslim armies met up in the city center where capitulation terms were agreed. [18] The former only records Arab armies being sent to conquer Iraq as the Muslim conquest of Syria was already underwayas opposed to before as held by the traditional Islamic sourceswhile the latter mentions Khalid as the conqueror of Syria only. [18] In the version of Ibn Ishaq, Khalid had persuaded the Jadhima tribesmen to disarm and embrace Islam, which he followed up by executing a number of the tribesmen in revenge for the Jadhima's slaying of his uncle Fakih ibn al-Mughira dating to before Khalid's conversion to Islam. [44], After Buzakha, Khalid proceeded against the rebel Tamimite chieftain Malik ibn Nuwayra headquartered in al-Butah, in the present-day Qassim region. [104] The Byzantine rout marked the destruction of their last effective army in Syria, immediately securing earlier Muslim gains in Palestine and Transjordan and paving the way for the recapture of Damascus[134] in December, this time by Abu Ubayda,[131] and the conquest of the Beqaa Valley and ultimately the rest of Syria to the north. 5. 'Emigrants'), the mostly Qurayshite natives of Mecca who emigrated with Muhammad to Medina. [134] In Jandora's assessment, Yarmouk was one of "the most important battles of World History", ultimately leading to Muslim victories which expanded the Caliphate between the Pyrenees mountains and Central Asia. [10] Shaban credits Khalid's "military genius" for the Quraysh's victory at Uhud, the only engagement in which the tribe defeated Muhammad. [66] The commanders of the tribal contingents appointed by Khalid were Adi ibn Hatim of the Tayy and Asim ibn Amr of the Tamim. [39] Malik had been appointed by Muhammad as the collector of the sadaqa ('alms tax') over his clan of the Tamim, the Yarbu, but stopped forwarding this tax to Medina after Muhammad's death. [139] The area spanned high hilltops, water sources, critical routes connecting Damascus to the Galilee and historic pastures of the Ghassanids. [137], The Byzantine army set up camp at the Ruqqad tributary west of the Muslims' positions at Jabiya. Afterward, Khalid married Malik's widow Umm Tamim bint al-Minhal. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khalid-ibn-al-Walid. [98] The historian Moshe Gil calls the march "a feat which has no parallel" and a testament to "Khalid's qualities as an outstanding commander". [179] Muslim tradition since then has placed Khalid's tomb in the city. Why Khalid Ibn Walid Got Fired ~ Mufti Menk + Nouman Ali Khan + Omar Suleiman 9,594 views Jun 20, 2020 275 Dislike Share Zulfiqaar Media 97.8K subscribers May Allah multiply the rewards of. Khalid's tombstone depicts a list of over 50 victorious battles that he commanded without defeat (not including small battles). [46] Khalid claimed such an order was his prerogative as the commander appointed by the caliph, but he did not force the Ansar to participate and continued his march with troops from the Muhajirun and the Bedouin defectors from Buzakha and its aftermath; the Ansar ultimately rejoined Khalid after internal deliberations. answer choices. [133][122], In the spring of 636, Khalid withdrew his forces from Damascus to the old Ghassanid capital at Jabiya in the Golan. Islamic tradition credits Khalid for his battlefield tactics and effective leadership of the early Muslim conquests, but also accuses him of illicitly executing Arab tribesmen who had accepted Islamnamely members of the Banu Jadhima during the lifetime of Muhammad, and Malik ibn Nuwayra during the Ridda Warsand being responsible for moral and fiscal misconduct in the Levant. Kennedy. [102] Based on these accounts, Donner summarizes three possible routes taken by Khalid to the vicinity of Damascus: two via Palmyra from the north and the one via Dumat al-Jandal from the south. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. [162] He followed up by besieging the walled town of Qinnasrin,[163] which capitulated in August/September 638. [28] The tribe converted and Khalid instructed them in the Qur'an and Islamic laws before returning to Muhammad in Medina with a Balharith delegation. [153] Medina's lack of a regular standing army, the need to redeploy fighters to other fronts, and the Byzantine threat to Muslim gains in Syria all required the establishment of a defense structure based on the older-established Arab tribes in Syria, which had served as confederates of Byzantium. [3] Their prominence was owed to the leadership of Khalid's paternal grandfather al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah. [5], Khalid's mother was al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, commonly known as Lubaba al-Sughra ('Lubaba the Younger', to distinguish her from her elder half-sister Lubaba al-Kubra) of the nomadic Banu Hilal tribe. [94] Khalid left Ayn al-Tamr for Dumat al-Jandal where the combined Muslim forces bested the defenders in a pitched battle. [189] Abd al-Rahman's son Khalid was a commander of a naval campaign against the Byzantines in 668 or 669. [121], The remnants of the Byzantine forces from Ajnadayn and Fahl retreated north to Damascus, where the Byzantine commanders called for imperial reinforcements. [158] The siege held amid a number of sorties by the Byzantine defenders and the city capitulated in the spring. [18] His male line of descent ended toward the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 or shortly after when all forty of his male descendants died in a plague in Syria, according to the 11th-century historian Ibn Hazm. He was reassigned by Abu Bakr to command the Muslim armies in Syria and he led his men there on an unconventional march across a long, waterless stretch of the Syrian Desert, boosting his reputation as a military strategist. [39] His forces were drawn from the Muhajirun and the Ansar. Khlid ibn al-Wald, byname Sf, or Sayf, Allh (Arabic: Sword of God), (died 642), one of the two generals (with Amr ibn al-) of the enormously successful Islamic expansion under the Prophet Muhammad and his immediate successors, Ab Bakr and Umar. Omissions? "[98] He asserts it is "certain" Khalid embarked on the march, "a memorable feat of military endurance", and "his arrival in Syria was an important ingredient of the success of Muslim arms there". [187][188] Another son of Khalid, Muhajir, was a supporter of Ali, who reigned as caliph in 656661, and died fighting Mu'awiya's army at the Battle of Siffin in 657 during the First Muslim Civil War. I feared that the people would rely on him. [1] In that engagement Khalid led a nomadic contingent called muhajirat al-arab ('the Bedouin emigrants'). [91] There, Khalid attacked a group of Ghassanids celebrating Easter before he or his subordinate commanders raided the Ghouta agricultural belt around Damascus. [72] The Namir were led by Hilal ibn Aqqa, a Christian chieftain allied with the Sasanians, who Khalid had crucified after defeating him. [18], Khalid was afterward dispatched to invite to Islam the Banu Jadhima in Yalamlam, about 80 kilometers (50mi) south of Mecca, but the Islamic traditional sources hold that he attacked the tribe illicitly. As a horseman of the Quraysh's aristocratic Banu Makhzum clan, which ardently opposed Muhammad, Khalid played an instrumental role in defeating Muhammad and his followers during the Battle of Uhud in 625. [45] The latter faced divisions within his army regarding this campaign, with the Ansar initially staying behind, citing instructions by Abu Bakr not to campaign further until receiving a direct order by the caliph. Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (Arabic: ) was an Arab Muslim. [73], During the engagements in and around al-Hira, Khalid received key assistance from al-Muthanna ibn Haritha and his Shayban tribe, who had been raiding this frontier for a considerable period before Khalid's arrival, though it is not clear if al-Muthanna's earlier activities were linked to the nascent Muslim state. [134] Khalid sent a force to pursue and prevent them from regrouping. The infantry was subsequently routed. [74] In the meantime, the other part of Khalid's army harried the villages in al-Hira's orbit, many of which were captured or capitulated on tributary terms with the Muslims. Crossing the desert, he aided in the conquest of Syria; and, though the new caliph, Umar, formally relieved him of high command (for unknown reasons), Khlid remained the effective leader of the forces facing the Byzantine armies in Syria and Palestine. [175] According to the Muslim jurist al-Zuhri (d. 742), before his death in 639, Abu Ubayda appointed Khalid and Iyad ibn Ghanm as his successors,[176] but Umar confirmed only Iyad as governor of the HomsQinnasrinJazira district and appointed Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan governor over the rest of Syria, namely the districts of Damascus, Jordan and Palestine. [114] He arrived on Easter day of that year, i.e. Q. Aku pernah menuntut ilmu di sekolah menengah atas kristen dago, kemudian aku melanjutkan kuliah . [50] Musaylima had laid claims to prophet-hood before Muhammad's emigration from Mecca, and his entreaties for Muhammad to mutually recognize his divine revelation were rejected by Muhammad. It is believed by scholars that Khalid bin Waleed R.A. died a natural death because he was the Sword of Allah and it was not possible to kill him in the battlefield as the sword of Allah cannot be broken. He is generally considered by historians to be one of the most seasoned and accomplished generals of the early Islamic era, and he is likewise commemorated throughout the Arab world. Early in 636 he withdrew south of the Yarmk River before a powerful Byzantine force that advanced from the north and from the coast of Palestine. [108] According to Donner, the traditional sources' dating of the first Muslim armies' deployment to Syria was behind by several months. Khalid died in either Medina or Homs in 642. [70] The last two places were in the vicinity of al-Hira, a predominantly Arab market town and the Sasanian administrative center for the middle Euphrates valley. [45], According to the account of the 8th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar, Malik had also been cooperating with the prophetess Sajah, his kinswoman from the Yarbu, but after they were defeated by rival clans from the Tamim, left her cause and retreated to his camp at al-Butah. [54] According to the modern historian Meir Jacob Kister, it was likely the threat posed by this army which compelled Musaylima to forge an alliance with Sajah. Most of these accounts hold that the caliph's order was prompted by requests for reinforcements by the Muslim commanders in Syria. [123] Khalid and his men scaled the city's eastern walls and killed the guards and other defenders at Bab Sharqi. They remained in the possession of Ayyub's descendants until at least the late 9th century. [115] Bosra capitulated in late May 634, making it the first major city in Syria to fall to the Muslims. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. His tomb is now part of a mosque called Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque. Why khalid bin walid was dismissed? [125] As his forces entered from the east, Muslim forces led by Abu Ubayda had entered peacefully from the western Bab al-Jabiya gate after negotiations with Damascene notables led by Mansur ibn Sarjun, a high-ranking city official. To say Caliph Umar Al. [150] Varied causes for Khalid's dismissal from the supreme command are cited by the early Islamic sources. [146] In Gil's view, Khalid's withdrawal before the army of Heraclius, the evacuation of Damascus and the counter-movement on the Yarmouk tributaries "are evidence of his excellent organising ability and his skill at manoeuvring on the battlefield". [27] Vaglieri surmises that the oasis was conquered by Iyad ibn Ghanm or possibly Amr ibn al-As as the latter had been previously tasked during the Ridda wars with suppressing Wadi'a, who had barricaded himself in Dumat al-Jandal. [148] Modern historians mostly agree that Umar's dismissal of Khalid probably occurred in the aftermath of Yarmouk. It is believed by scholars that Khalid bin Waleed R.A. died a natural death because he was the Sword of Allah and it was not possible to kill him in the battlefield as the sword of Allah cannot be broken. [156] Athamina concludes Umar dismissed Khalid and recalled his troops from Syria as an overture to the Kalb and their allies. [94] Afterward, Khalid executed the town's Kindite leader Ukaydir, who had defected from Medina following Muhammad's death, while the Kalbite chief Wadi'a was spared after the intercession of his Tamimite allies in the Muslims' camp. [15] The historian Akram Diya Umari holds that Khalid and Amr embraced Islam and relocated to Medina following the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, apparently after the Quraysh dropped demands for the extradition of newer Muslim converts to Mecca. Although he fought against Muhammad at Uud (625), Khlid was later converted (627/629) and joined Muhammad in the conquest of Mecca in 629; thereafter he commanded a number of conquests and missions in the Arabian Peninsula. Khalid ibn Walid is essentially unknown outside of the Muslim world despit. He was sent northeastward by the caliph Ab Bakr to invade Iraq, where he conquered Al-rah. What the Quran says about intoxicants? In fact, Caliph Umar Al-Khattab did mention why he dismissed General Khalid Al-Walid from the army and his post. [87] Patricia Crone argues it is unlikely Khalid played any role on the Iraqi front, citing seeming contradictions by contemporary, non-Arabic sources,[88] namely the Armenian chronicle of Sebeos (c.661) and the Khuzistan Chronicle (c. [103], The desert march is the most celebrated episode of Khalid's expedition and medieval Futuh ('Islamic conquests') literature in general. [58] The strength of Musaylima's warriors, the superiority of their swords and the fickleness of the Bedouin contingents in Khalid's ranks were all reasons cited by the Muslims for their initial failures. [150] No attending commanders voiced opposition, except for a Makhzumite who accused Umar of violating the military mandate given to Khalid by Muhammad. Was it because of Jelousy? [123] The most popular narrative is preserved by the Damascus-based Ibn Asakir (d. 1175), according to whom Khalid and his men breached the Bab Sharqi gate. [33], Of the six main conflict zones in Arabia during the Ridda wars, two were centered in Najd (the central Arabian plateau): the rebellion of the Asad, Tayy and Ghatafan tribes under Tulayha and the rebellion of the Tamim tribe led by Sajah; both leaders claimed to be prophets. According to Lecker, Mujja'a's ruse may have been invented by the Islamic tradition "in order to protect Khalid's policy because the negotiated treaty caused the Muslims great losses". [35] In late 632, he confronted Tulayha's forces at the Battle of Buzakha, which took place at the eponymous well in Asad territory where the tribes were encamped. 50 years (592 AD-642 AD)Khalid ibn al-Walid / Age at death. [161][162] There, Khalid spared the inhabitants following their appeal and claim that they were Arabs forcibly conscripted by the Byzantines. [144], The Byzantine cavalry, meanwhile, had withdrawn north to the area between the Ruqqad and Allan tributaries. Shaban acknowledges the enmity but asserts it had no bearing on the caliph's decision. [104], The historian Ryan J. Lynch deems Khalid's desert march to be a literary construct by the authors of the Islamic tradition to form a narrative linking the Muslim conquests of Iraq and Syria and presenting the conquests as "a well-calculated, singular affair" in line with the authors' alleged polemical motives. [41], Khalid bested the AsadGhatafan forces in battle. [159] A quarter of the church of St. John was reserved for Muslim use, and abandoned houses and gardens were confiscated and distributed by Abu Ubayda or Khalid among the Muslim troops and their families. [134] Jandora asserts that the Byzantines' Christian Arab and Armenian auxiliaries deserted or defected, but that the Byzantine force remained "formidable", consisting of a vanguard of heavy cavalry and a rear guard of infantrymen when they approached the Muslim defensive lines. Tags: Topics: Question 16 . It is believed by scholars that Khalid bin Waleed R.A. died a natural death because he was the Sword of Allah and it was not possible to kill him in the battlefield as the sword of Allah cannot be broken. [70] The 9th-century histories of al-Baladhuri and Khalifa ibn Khayyat hold Khalid's first major battle in Iraq was his victory over the Sasanian garrison at Ubulla (the ancient Apologos, near modern Basra) and the nearby village of Khurayba, though al-Tabari (d. 923) considers attribution of the victory to Khalid as erroneous and that Ubulla was conquered later by Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini. [198] The Mamluk sultan Baybars (r.12601277) attempted to link his own military achievements with those of Khalid by having an inscription honoring himself carved on Khalid's mausoleum in Homs in 1266. [58] Khalid heeded the counsel of the Ansarite Thabit ibn Qays to exclude the Bedouins from the next fight. [166] The campaigns against Homs and Qinnasrin resulted in the conquest of northwestern Syria and prompted Heraclius to abandon his headquarters at Edessa for Samosata in Anatolia and ultimately to the imperial capital of Constantinople.
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