bondarzewia berkeleyi recipe

This may render it crispy (think of how tough shrimp shells, and even smaller fish bones, go from tough to crispy via deep frying). [8], In China it has been recorded from Guangdong and Hunan provinces. Mushroom and foraging books, cookbooks, field guides. Young specimens are nearly white, but the fungus becomes cream-colored to pale yellowish as it matures. Then I sauteed them in olive oil until crispy. amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon"; Bondarzewia is a remarkable polypore genus due to its relatively large poroid basidiocarps and belongs to order Russulales according to recent phylogenetic analyses. Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Berkeley's Polypore) L S 134followers More information Berkeley's Polypore: Culinary Properties - Berkeley's Polypore Mushroom Hunting Wild Game Mushroom Recipes Berkeley Foraging Stuffed Mushrooms Vegetables Food Madness More information. Bondarzewia berkeleyi - Mushroom World Bondarzewia berkeleyi, commonly known as Berkeley's polypore, or stump blossoms, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Russulaceae. Media in category "Bondarzewia berkeleyi" The following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. Rockwood Park, Virginia. Berkeley's Polypore (Bondarzewia berkeleyi) iNaturalist [3] A widespread fungus, it is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Staghorn sumac grows in hardiness zones 5-8 and grows in the Midwest and Northeast regions of the U.S. in October. B. Dont forget to check out our foraging and naturalist learning community on Discord! And so, it is sometimes not the bean or mushroom that becomes known for a particular culinary experience, buthowthe ingredient is used. Maitake Mushrooms: The Complete Guide - Grow Your Pantry Once properly dried, their woody tissue can last for decades to come. Bond. 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Bondarzewia berkeleyi, commonly known as Berkeley's polypore, or stump blossoms, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Russulaceae. Berkley's polypore (Bondarzewia berkeleyi) is characterized by fleshy, cream-colored caps and whitish pores. Log In; Create a Profile; Quick Order. This fungus is actually a parasite, penetrating the root structures of suitable hardwoods. Multiple caps are growing from a center stem. amzn_assoc_linkid = "175fb54f78591e25daf3429f298260c1"; A number of individual caps form the large rosette that comprises the mushroom, and an eccentric stem-like structure is usually found hiding below the caps. [3] A widespread fungus, it is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. All are welcome! B. berkeleyi is limited in distribution to eastern North America where it is the only species of the genus (Song et al. I highly recommend the field guide Boletes of Eastern North America to get started. I seemed to have noticed some of the spicy hot flavor remained in the dried. They are various shades of white to pale grey, cream, beige or yellow. The interior flesh is white, thick, and does not bruise.Gills: No gills; the spores are released from inside pores on the underside of the caps. Bondarzewia occidentalis - This stemmed polypore, not related to most other polypores, is recognized by having a stem, being thick fleshed, growing in clusters or rosettes at least near wood if not touching it and being brown to orange-brown on the cap when fresh and white in the pores.Large - each can be up to 25 cm across.Long incorrectly called Bondarzewia mesenterica . ; 2004. So far I have not encountered any my teeth could not handle, but I have yet to try chewing the most inner sections of my most mature finds. In fact, when eaten raw*, some are very spicy hot (like a cross between arugula, radishes, and jalapenos). Morel Mushroom Carved Walking Sticks, standard top or morel top with spirit man. See What, If Anything, Is a Gilled Mushroom? "Berkeley's polypore," as it is sometimes called, is found at the bases of (doomed) hardwoods in eastern North America, where it grows as a parasitic butt rot. Parasol Mushroom - Amerilepiota Procera lab-quality mycelium. Again, I was floored by its robustness. They are both great places to post your ID requests! Food & Agriculture Org. [ Basidiomycetes>Russulales>Bondarzewiaceae>Bondarzewia . No photos are currently available. I tried "pores" and flesh, both of which had these properties. This mushroom gets tough, woody and bitter with age. PARASOL MUSHROOM - Amerilepiota Procera lab-quality mycelium. Not in my top list for edible mushrooms, but still a really fun one to find due to their size. Stem: 4-10 cm long; 3-5 cm wide; usually somewhat off-center and poorly defined; whitish to dull yellowish; dry; tough. Bondarzewia berkeleyi - Forest floor narrative Therefore after stirring, drink soon, or if waiting a while much powder will eventually settle to the bottom. Bondarzewia berkeleyi | Spores, moulds, and fungi Bondarzewia berkeleyi ingr i slktet Bondarzewia och familjen Bondarzewiaceae. You can use the same recipe I use for my Fried Oyster Mushroom in order to fry or . Bondarzewia berkeleyi. Flickr photos, groups, and tags related to the "bondarzewiaberkeleyi" Flickr tag. Languages. C. Braise: Chef John Schwartz of Niantic, CT suggested it may do well to extract its flavor by braising it for ~four hours. For how to cook Berkeley's Polypore, check out this video:https://youtu.be/5DiYPe5Us6M_____Berkeley's Pol. A. Live Statistics. B. berkeleyi can be both saprobic (consuming nutrients from dead organic material in this case dead oak wood) and parasitic. B. bondarzewia_berkeleyi_1.JPG (1024768) | Mushroom pictures, Stuffed The one in the photo above was found on Christmas Day, what a gift! Please contact me w/your experiences w/drying. Bondarzewia - North American Mycological Association Faint tan/brown rings can be seen on the cap. - 7.14. Berkeley's polypore (Bondarzewia berkeleyi) - themyceliumemporium Bondarzewia berkeleyi partitivirus 1. acronym: BbPV1. 2. It made an interesting drink. Berkeley's Polypore Bondarzewia Berkeleyi. Mushroom Ornaments, hand painted by Chris Matherly. The pore surface is white, as is thespore print. Baste often with the parsley oil and turn as necessary, until done (about 10 minutes). Chicken of the Woods Mushroom Identification & Look Alikes It has been reported sparingly from other hardwood hosts, such as chestnut and maple. Preheat a charcoal grill. amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon"; While studies focused on Bondarzewia are limited, the fungus is known to primarily occupy the base of the trunk (known as the butt log) and is not known as an extensive root decayer. Hen of the Woods (Maitake) | Missouri Department of Conservation It can also reportedly be used as a meat substitute. Other: It is also reported to be edible when young, and at its most tender, but all I found online is that it tastes like shoe leather. I have yet to find the Black Staining Polypore. Also, different methods can net different results, so do try the different methods before deciding if your particular mushroom fits with your palate. I remember struggling to read its scientific name,Bondarzewia berkeleyi. This paste can be use to coat salted chicken breast, baked in foil, then the foil removed at high heat to brown. Please contact me with results of any of these methods. While its easy to look at this in a vacuum, as the fungus perhaps shortening the life of the tree, thats not how nature works. So, a crispy good experience. In fact, when eaten raw*, some are very spicy hot (like a cross between arugula, radishes, and jalapenos). Behind a glass display, I saw a huge dried polypore fungus. Remember this analogy: Cacao beans are bitter and a bit tough in texture, but when properly prepared we commonly get a very different finished product: Soft melt-in-your-mouth chocolate. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Indiana, and North Carolina. Cantharellus lateritius (MushroomExpert.Com) V. Preparation of [Primarily Mature] Specimens: Ahead I list all the different ways of preparing Ive heard of, including ways Ive not heard of. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer, committed to achieving excellence through a diverse workforce and inclusive culture that encourages all people to reach their full potential. Thank you so much for reading. I suspect braising for much less time followed by a puree would work just as well. The species is at its most edible when the caps are newly expanded; with age, the fruiting body becomes increasingly tough and unpalatable. First off, there is the shock factor in its large size. AlthoughBondarzewia berkeleyihas been compared to eating shoe leather, it is edible, and can be used to replace or strengthen other flavors in dishes, much like tofu. Spore Print: White. The flavor and texture work very well w/chicken in this way, as several of us tasters agreed. images and text on this Rogers Plants website. Mushroom Foraging Seasons of the Southeast - Feral Foraging Life cycle This species lives as a network of cells (mycelium) within living trees as a parasite, and dead trees as a saprobe, digesting and decomposing the wood. Figure 1. amzn_assoc_linkid = "175fb54f78591e25daf3429f298260c1"; Once infected trees are identified, a thorough risk assessment performed by a certified arborist should be completed. None of the look-alikes (Grifola frondosa, Meripilus giganteus, Bondarzewia berkeleyi) are poisonous. Berkeley's polypore (Bondarzewia berkeleyi) is thick-fleshed and cream-colored. Fortunately, both are edible. Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fr.) Bondartsev & Singer - GBIF The specimen collected was found in the soil about 0.5 m away from a Quercus macrocarpa trunk, on a forested riverbank by the Red Cedar River in East Lansing, MI. I dont know if he ate it raw* or not. The hymenium is cream and has angular pores. Good afternoon friends and happy Labor Day. Bondarzewia berkeleyi (MushroomExpert.Com) | Myrtaceae, Polypore I. Aroma: Especially on the day found, and holding true for some people many days later, this mushroom has a distinct and potent aroma that is also especially pronounced when dried. Whip up a quick, week-night tempura with a light rice flour batter, and fry mushrooms over medium-high heat. I think the best potential of this method is to extract the flavor. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; Pickle: Pickling can sometimes have a softening effect on texture especially over time, so storing them as pickles may work well. Ferry) Bondarzewia podocarpi Bondarzewia tibetica Habitat: Growing out of the ground under some Oak trees. Bondarzewia berkeleyi provides great support for the idea that "polypores" are examples of convergent evolution rather than naturally related organisms. Here's a picture of the puree I did using my Vitamix blender. amzn_assoc_title = "Top Selling Mushroom Supplements"; [ii] Kuo, M. (2004). An incredibly striking and fairly common wild mushroom throughout the Southeast, Lions mane. A widespread fungus, it is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. I do know that w/related mushrooms that are known to be intensely hot (the habanero of the mushroom world, being Russula emetica, other hot Russulas, & several intensely hot Lactarius sp. Alabama Mushroom Society - Bondarzewia berkeleyi The latter including an interesting bitterness that comes through only when cooked. Yield is 100%, as all of the mushroom is used fully this way. (n.d.). Nonetheless, I wont pass up the opportunity to add more wild food to my diet! Mushroom Steaks: Marinate tender sections overnight in a sweet & acidic sauce, then BBQ grill until crispy on the outsides. Found in eastern North America, west to Texas and Louisiana. Bondarzewia berkeleyi. but occasionally other deciduous hardwoods. This puree was added to a minced lamb Bolognese sauce, and I had the opportunity to try it on pasta. The BbNSRV1 genome includes six predicted open reading frames (ORFs) of 279, 425, 230, 174, 200 and 1970 aa. Culinarily, the most famous bolete is probably Boletus edulis King Bolete or Porcini. Several kidney-shaped or irregular caps emerge from a single stem and form a rosette that may be over two feet across when mature. While this fungi is quite delicious to me, it does have several close lookalikes, including the deadly galerina which you would not want to consume for obvious reasons. The berries grow in red clusters. These Berkeleys Polypores can grow to a massive size. These fungi are delicious! A widespread fungus, it is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. I have read that in Eastern Europe people have enjoyed a related species by boiling it and then working with it in various ways. It seems the spicy hot quality shifts to a bitter quality when cooked. The upper surface is white, whitish, or tan and does not bruise. We periodically send out information to help you with your foraging skills along your journey. The texture when cooked is similar to that of the common baby bella grocery store mushrooms and thus is not my favorite. Would that turn to bitter in baking? When it comes to museums, size matters. Delicious, and perhaps one of the best mushroom dishes I've tried. The vinegar negated the remaining bitterness, while the crispy quality remained. Every year I hope to do so and maybe this one Ill get lucky! However, when advanced infections develop, significant portions of the primary roots can be decayed. Bondarzewia berkeleyi; Berkeley's Polypore Mature, the edges can be quite meaty. Pores1-2 per mm, circular to angular; surface tan. Thinly Shaved like Truffles: I once knew a chef in Old Lyme, CT who said he used them like truffles, making shavings out of it. So, the best potential for keeping the heat in a powder is to dehydrate right away. The specimen I encountered doing field work. If you are lucky enough to find one, stop taking extra steps, get your face down to the ground, and look out closely. Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fries) Bondartsev et Singer, teleomorph The result was good! The one pictured above is H. erinaceous. Bondarzewia berkeleyi Fr. Ive also found with a hot Russula and a hot Lactarius, that keeping them refrigerated for days does appear to dissipate their heat. Odor and Taste: Not distinctive. Its growth rate is considered fast when compared to other wood-rotting fungi common on oak. Recent. Polyporus craterellus | Western Pennsylvania Mushroom Club Spores globose to subglobose, ornamented with short irregularly arranged amyloid ridges, 7-9 x 6-8. Its found in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and most predominantly in eastern North America. A young fruiting body of a soon to be giant. Elias Magnus Friesdescribed the species asPolyporus berkeleyiin 1851. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/bondarzewia_berkeleyi.html. I see this trend in species with a generally narrow niche width. That is, until I took a spoon of these and poured some white balsamic vinegar on them. The one hear was 1-1/2 ft. long on the map cap. F. Meat Grinder: If getting mildly to moderately tough pieces, put through a meat grinder to end up with a nice product that can then be used in part to make meat-loaf. A truly massive polypore. Another example is the largest gilled mushroom on the planet,Termitomyces titanicus, that makes termite mounds its home. Deposit ochraceous. By uploading images and text you hereby warrant that you are the legal owner of this By :Dave W. My second encounter was of a living specimen, nearly 6 years later, while doing field work in Southern Appalachia. The flavor profile is much different, but I can see how he could have done this well. But also, no, it is not. Berkeley's Polypore (Fungi of Kiara Hills) iNaturalist NCBI BLAST name: viruses Rank: species Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Lineage( abbreviated ) July-October. J. [4] I seemed to have noticed some of the spicy hot flavor remained in the dried. B) Hymenium of the specimen, showing angular pores. Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fr.) I'm sure the specimen & part of it make a big difference in how well this works, as well as how thinly it is sliced. Bondarzewia berkeleyi - Berkeley's Polypore Not in my top list for edible mushrooms, but still a really fun one to find due to their size. The fungus can be pathogenic on trees, especially Quercus and Acer (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1986). B. berkeleyi has white spores which can be seen covering themushroomand the base of the oak in the first picture. The only significant difference is color. The flavor profile is much different, but I can see how he could have done this well. Berkeleys Polypore[ii] causes a distinctive type of rot in which the wood of the butt of the tree first becomes white and stringy and then breaks down altogether leaving the butt hollow. Chanterelles taste delicious and they smell wonderful. 1995 Dec 31;73(S1):853-61. That is, until I took a spoon of these and poured some white balsamic vinegar on them. Ever wondered why some Mushroom Supplements are so cheap? This weeksmushroomis Bondarzewia berkeleyi, commonly known as Berkeleys polypore. Natural selection has favored individuals that can quickly colonize hardwood root substrates and rapidly break down lignin into more simple sugars. The 4-H Name and Emblem have special protections from Congress, protected by code 18 USC 707. 0 Bondarzewia berkeleyi, commonly known as Berkeley's polypore, [1] or stump blossoms, [2] is a species of polypore fungus in the family Russulaceae. Plus the acid used would negate the bitterness. It is a parasitic species that causes butt . Would that turn to bitter in baking? When we zoom out, we see everything in this world is interconnected and dynamic. Another favorite of mine, Hen of the Woods. Berkeley's Polypore - Berkeley's Polypore: Culinary Properties Between July and October, it grows on the ground near tree bases. To me, tasting it alone was like eating a strong spice, which should be used as a seasoning, not its own dish. FOR SALE! The other virus, designated as Bondarzewia berkeleyi negative-strand RNA virus 1 (BbNSRV1), had a non-segmented negative-sense RNA genome of 10,983 nt and was related to members of family Mymonaviridae. Other: A. For example, much of the time, tree wound parasites have long-lasting perennial fruiting bodies that produce several billion spores over the course of its lifetime. Bondarzewia is a common and destructive pathogen of oaks in southern New England, occurring on forest and landscape trees. Discover (and save!) Hyphal system dimitic, with thick-walled and aseptate skeletal hyphae, and thin-walled generative hyphae; clamp connections not found. (Bondarzewia berkeleyi) - Picture Mushroom Examples of what it could be infused into include: Oil, vinegar, honey, vodka, maple syrup, and sugar syrup. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; Habitat growing from the base or stumps of hardwood and deciduous trees, particularly oak and chestnut. Lastly, the genus Bondarzewia is named after Russian mycologist A.S. Bondarzew and the species berkeleyi is named after the founder of British mycology, Miles Joseph Berkeley. Join me. It tastes absolutely delicious and its not uncommon to find very large flushes of them. . When young, the cultivated Bondarzewia mesenterica has a delicate pore layer and when sauted in olive oil with onions, garlic and thyme, it is robust and succulent; in my opinion, B. mesenterica may even be the culinary equal of maitake. A. amzn_assoc_search_bar = "true"; Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Berkeley's Polypore) I. Aroma: Especially on the day found, and holding true for some people many days later, this mushroom has a distinct and potent aroma that is also. Heres a photo in my house of what it looks like after going through a meat grinder (once with the larger setting, then once through the smaller, so we get a more fine grind). Consider subscribing if you dont want to miss new content from Feral Foraging. Berkeley's polypore grows on oaks and other hardwood trees.The fan shaped caps grow in overlapping clumps from the bases of oak trees, each capable of growing to 10 in. Again, with its narrow niche of appropriate habitat it needs to produce a ton of potential offspring. The display specimen alone was nearly two feet wide! In instances where it is parasitic it causes a butt rot, almost exclusively on oaks. Fruits at the bases of trees in the summer and fall. skeletigera Corner Bondarzewia berkeleyi var. Birch Polypore, Piptoporus Betulinus. A) Basidiocarp at the base of a Quercus macrocarpa. I'd expect this liquid to be very strongly flavored, thus best used in moderation amongst many servings. I added some of this to a vindaloo sauce. Bondarzewia berkeleyi, commonly known as Berkeley's polypore,[1] or stump blossoms,[2] is a species of polypore fungus in the family Russulaceae. I have fond memories of this cool fungus that started back when the foundation for my mycological obsession was being set. The gills and stem of both mushrooms are clustered in close clusters, and the flesh is cream-colored. I always have a smile on my face when I see the small splashes of yellow-orange dotting the forest floor! Pickle: Pickling can sometimes have a softening effect on texture especially over time, so storing them as pickles may work well. Bondartsev and Berkeley | Mushroom The smaller area of suitable habitat, the more spores that need to be produced for genes to successfully pass onto the next generation. The Chicken of the Woods identification characteristics make it easy to identify and distinguish from it's poisonous look alike. Bondarzewia berkeleyi is a polypore in shapeit has shelf-like fruiting bodies with spores produced inside a layer of tubes ending in poresbut it is not closely related to other polypores. It is a parasitic species that causes butt rot in oaks and other hardwood trees. B. berkeleyi has been historically classified as a polypore, but with the advent of molecular techniques, it was revealed to be more closely related to Russala than the polypores (Hibbett and Donoghue 1995). With its chemical competence,Bondarzewia berkeleyidoesnt just stop at being a parasite. Mushroom Artwork and crafts: ornaments, paintings and more, Berkeleys Polypore (Bondarzewia berkeleyi). L.Boiled and then: It reminded me of my favorite soup, west lake minced beef soup with black vinegar. The fungus is helping free up carbon locked in the dead plant cells within the tree, which will support more subterranean microbes and fungi, and allow for a healthier soil. Bondarzewia berkeleyi. Bondarzewia [ ] [1] Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fr.) Serve hot or at room temperature. Berkeley's Polypore Bondarzewia Berkeleyi. & Broome (1875). Bondarzewia berkeleyi, , , Russulaceae. Coat w/salt, vinegar, and possibly sugar. Bondarzewia berkeleyi. Fungi with narrow ecological niches tend to have larger spore producing structures. Primarily oaks (Quercus spp.) Yet the older they get, the tougher they become (with the more inner sections as toughest). I was told it was being used, wasnt too bitter [for their planned preparation], and a good amount of it was quite tender. Comparatively, these polypores dwarf most other forest floor inhabitants. In oaks, the medulary rays (lines of rot-resistant tissue distinctive of oaks that stretch across the annual rings from the center towards the outer edge of the tree) persist even as the rest of the wood turns to white string, so the decay is called string and ray rot. And yet despite living mostly on tree bases, the fungus can fruit from the ground far from any tree, if there are roots or the remnants of an old stump beneath. Nothing can be done to eradicate the pathogen and fungicides are of little, if any, value. It was worth trying and may have additional potential, however it doesn't dissolve, but float. Polypores from Hunan Province", "Biogeography and hosts of period wood decay fungi in North Carolina: Species of, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bondarzewia_berkeleyi&oldid=1099084879, This page was last edited on 18 July 2022, at 23:02. Individual Caps: 625 cm across; kidney-shaped or irregular in outline; loosely convex, flat, or with a central depression; dry; velvety or leathery; sometimes radially wrinkled (but never scaly) or with vague, semi-concentric zones of texture or color; white when young, becoming cream colored to dull yellowish and eventually sometimes brownish; not bruising, or occasionally bruising yellowish on the growing margin. This may render it crispy (think of how tough shrimp shells, and even smaller fish bones, go from tough to crispy via deep frying). Mature, the edges can be quite meaty. Surprisingly, it smelled a bit likefreshly baked bread! The specimen I encountered doing field work. IV. I suspect braising formuch lesstime followed by a puree would work just as well. While B. berkeleyi[v] has not been formally assessed, it seems prudent not to eat it raw. You can imagine why they have such a name! Improved in 24 Hours. The mushrooms can appear anytime from July onward but tend to be most abundant in August. Fungiflora, Oslo 1986. Berkeley's Polypore Mushroom Identification and Look Alike Then, the tips of the fingers expand into huge, flat, fan-like shapes that together form an irregular rosette. . Temperate woodland. Brush the mushrooms with the parsley oil. Berkeleys Polypore: Culinary Properties. Polyporus umbellatus - Midwest American Mycological Information 2. This page will cover some of the basics for Bondarzewia berkeleyi, in the family Bondarzewiaceae and the order Russulales. Like oyster mushrooms, due to texture, this one isnt my favorite, nonetheless its a good one to look out for as the greater mushroom season starts to wind down. Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fr.) This is near the time when I was just really getting into mycology, so you can imagine how excited I was. . Already dead suitable hardwoods can be colonized by this hefty polypore, making this species a saprotroph as well as a parasite. diameter. A butt rot is the fungus consuming the heartwood (the dead, central wood) in the trunk of the tree where it touches the soil. Chanterelles are potentially the most abundant mushroom in the Southern Appalachia area. The textural experience is comparable to chicken of the woods mushrooms, in that both become very tough in age, but chicken of the woods becomes not quite as tough, and is much drier. [4][9] The fruit bodies appear over July to October in the United States. Whats in a Name? Page 22.4)https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/84224-Bondarzewia-berkeleyi, http://www.mushroomexpert.com/bondarzewia_berkeleyi.html, https://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/Bondarzewia%20berkeleyi.htm, https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/84224-Bondarzewia-berkeleyi. Flesh up to 3cm thick, corky; pale bull. They look almost the same. Another interesting note is that it is in the family Russulaceae, meaning it is closely related to Russula (like Russula mariae featured a few weeks ago) and Lactarius species though sharing very little physical resemblance. In a followup I was told he braised it long-term, but additional braising did nothing for the texture, so he pureed it. If you happen to be a chef or wild gourmet food sourcer and are in need of some of the finest Chanterelles that Alabama has to offer, look no further than Magic City Mushrooms. Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to orangish on cap surface; negative to dirty yellow on flesh. Although Bondarzewia berkeleyi has been compared to eating shoe leather,[3] some field guides list it as edible.

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