broomrape and bursage relationship

Manschadi, A. M., Kroschel, J., and Sauerborn, J. 65, 581587. (1997). Weed Res. Ann. This parasitic weed, unable to produce its own chlorophyll, survives only by attaching to the roots of a host plant, often with severe consequences. 89, 177181. Effect of triiodobenzoic acid on broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection and development in tomato plants. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01807.x, Atsatt, P. R. (1977). Accessibility The flowers are irregularly shaped and produce single-chambered capsules that contain numerous minute seeds. B., Pron, T., Gauthier, M., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., et al. Commercially available as Bion, field doses of 0.8 kg ha1 are recommended to inhibit P. ramosa parasitism in hemp and tobacco (Gonsior et al., 2004), crops for which resistant varieties are not available. (2008). broomrape and bursage relationship. The .gov means its official. Isr. Crop Prot. 35, 445452. 33, 267349. The length and temperature required to promote seed conditioning depends on the broomrape species but are usually described under laboratory conditions in a range of 412 days at a temperature of 1923C, in dark and humid conditions (Kebreab and Murdoch, 1999; Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2004; Lechat et al., 2012). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1987.tb00751.x, Babiker, A. G. T., Ibrahim, N. E., and Edwards, W. G. (1988). In those cases, broomrape displays a pathogenic nature promoting disease in the crop mainly through negative effects on the crop photosynthetic machinery and hormonal balance (Stewart and Press, 1990; Mauromicale et al., 2008). (1992). Escape and true resistance to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) 168, 294297. Food Chem. Z. Planzenphysiol. McNally, S. F., Orebamjo, T. O., Hirel, B., and Stewart, G. R. (1983). Chemical signalling between plants: mechanistic similarities between phytotoxic allelopathy and host recognition by parasitic plants, in Chemical Ecology: From Gene to Ecosystem, eds M. Dicke and W. Takken (Dordrecht: Springer), 5569. Mmoire sur la Germination des Orobanches, Vol. The Problem of Orobanche spp. Target-site resistances have been successfully developed in crops either by classical breeding such as sunflower, by screening mutagenized crop populations such as the case of oilseed rape or by transgenic techniques such as tomato, tobacco, carrots, and oilseed rape (Joel et al., 1995; Aviv et al., 2002; Slavov et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2005). orthoceras, a potential mycoherbicide, parasitizes seeds of Orobanche cumana (Sunflower broomrape): a cytological study. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Root system in mature broomrape plants is reduced to short adventitious parasitic roots with functions of anchorage and stabilization in the soil and their leaves are reduced to small achlorophyllous scales (Parker and Riches, 1993). 171, 501523. Fenugreek root exudates show species-specific stimulation of Orobanche seed germination. Weed Sci. Germination stimulants of Phelipanche ramosa in the rhizosphere of Brassica napus are derived from the glucosinolate pathway. Prez-Vich, B., Velasco, L., Rich, P. J., and Ejeta, G. (2013). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the and Phelipanche spp.). The transfer of nutrients from host to broomrape is performed through a continuous vascular system at the host-parasite interface. Biocontrol 47, 245277. (2012). doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00179.x, Parker, C. (2009). For broomrape control, this system seeks the simultaneous cultivation of susceptible host species with inhibitory species of broomrape parasitism. (2007a). 2018 Aug;102(8):1477-1488. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-01-18-0020-FE. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control . Pest Manag. In some crops, the biomass loss equals to that accumulated by the parasite indicating that damage in the crop is directly attributed to the parasitic sink activity (Barker et al., 1996; Manschadi et al., 1996; Hibberd et al., 1998). Based on those conditions, methionine has the potential to be used as broomrape herbicide but it needs to be confirmed and its application adjusted to real field conditions. An official website of the United States government. In this process, cellular expansion of the root meristem is redirected from longitudinal to radial and the root apex changes its form from conical to spherical. Biological traits in broomrape such as achlorophyllous nature, underground parasitism, the physical connection and growth synchronization with the crop, and the exclusive uptake of resources via crop vascular system rather than from the soil make broomrape control a challenging agricultural task. Bacterial inhibition of Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche cernua radical elongation. 3585999. Small broomrape parasitism in red clover is temperature related. Westwood, J. H., Yu, X., Foy, C. L., and Cramer, C. L. (1998). J. Bot. Physiol. doi: 10.1016/1049-9644(92)90021-5, Abbes, Z., Kharrat, M., Delavault, P., Chabi, W., and Simier, P. (2009). Both have red eyes and a feathery crest. In recent years, a new, aggressive race designated as race F (called biotype D in Russia) has . PLoS ONE 7:e49273. Host plant resistance to parasitic weeds; recent progress and bottlenecks. broomrape and bursage relationship. 67, 10151022. doi: 10.1002/ps.1735, Hershenhorn, J., Eizenberg, H., Dor, E., Kapulnik, Y., and Goldwasser, Y. Nitrogen reduces branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) seed germination. doi: 10.1007/s10535-007-0084-y, Vurro, M., Boari, A., Evidente, A., Andolfi, A., and Zermane, N. (2009). Processing tomato growers are struggling to contain a potentially devastating parasitic weed that had not been seen since growers waged a successful eradication campaign four decades ago. Germination ecophysiology, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 195219. toria as a catch crop on Orobanche aegyptiaca seed bank. Potential of ethylene-producing pseudomonads in combination with effective N2-fixing bradyrhizobial strains as supplements to legume rotation for Striga hermonthica control. Scientists Dr Chris Thorogood at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden, and Dr Fred Rumsey at London's Natural History Museum have just described a new form of a strange parasitic 'vampire' plant known as 'common broomrape'. 89, 2327. This paper reviews relevant facts about the biology of broomrape weeds, the key mechanisms they employ to attack crops and the control methods already developed or in development that directly target those mechanisms. In addition, the parasitic-specific receptor KAI2d that enables host detection in broomrapes has recently been identified. 60, 316323. Dor, E., and Hershenhorn, J. Symbiosis 15, 6170. Corrections? Effect of N-application on sorghum growth, Striga infestation and the osmotic presure of the parasite in relation to the host. Epub 2014 Oct 16. Parasitic plants Striga and Phelipanche dependent upon exogenous strigolactones for germination have retained genes for strigolactone biosynthesis. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1988.tb00778.x. doi: 10.1071/SB05009, Thomas, H., Heller, A., Sauerborn, J., and Mller-Stver, D. (1999). Orobanche; Phelipanche; germination; haustorium; integrated pest management; parasitism; plant recognition; seed bank. Bot. (1998). Control of Egyptian Broomrape in Processing Tomato: A Summary of 20 Years of Research and Successful Implementation. (Berner et al., 1999; Ahonsi et al., 2003), a close relative of broomrapes, however, broomrape germination is not responsive to ethylene (Joel, 2000). doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00830.x, Draie, R., Pron, T., Pouvreau, J.-B., Vronsi, C., Jgou, S., Delavault, P., et al. Genetic Diversity of Orobanche cumana Populations in Serbia. Biol. Saghir, A. R. (1986). Researchers are conducting the germination studies to develop a model for the right application time in the UC Davis Contained Research Facility, which is designed to prevent escape of the weed. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Haustorium-inducing factors are structurally similar to allelopathic phytotoxins and gene expression of parasitic radicles exposed to haustorium-inducing factors is similar to that after radicle is exposed to phytotoxins (Tomilov et al., 2006). doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114453, Yang, Z., Wafula, E. K., Honaas, L. A., Zhang, H., Das, M., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., et al. Broomrape management elsewhere Israeli cooperators have been working on broomrape management for several decades Eizenberg, Goldwasser, and others Weed is not eradicated, but is managed to an acceptable level Management is based on carefully -timed and -placed herbicides to disrupt key broomrape life stages Recherches sur les phanerogames parasites (etude dOrobanche hederae Duby). The strigolactone story. Induced disease resistance mediated by endogenous salicylic acid (SA) also described as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induces hypersensitive responses in many plant species against fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Even the easiest method of control, herbicides, requires broomrape specific-optimization for each cropping system to target the most vulnerable broomrape life stage, the young attachments while preserving the crop. 27, 173178. (2007b). seedbank by soil solarization and organic supplementation. (2007). For each broomrape-crop association, broomrape germination potential is defined by the combination of both, the stimulatory capability of crop root exudates and the sensitivity of parasitic receptors to recognize specific forms of germination-inducing factors (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008a, 2009b, 2011). This strategy to abort broomrape invasion requires regulating the toxin production with promoters specifically induced around the site of Orobanche penetration such as the HMG2 promoter, ensuring correct delivery of the toxic effect to the broomrape penetrating seedling and overall low concentration of the toxin in the rhizosphere. Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. The release of phytochemicals by the roots of the allelopathic component in the intercrop inhibits the broomrape germination and/or radicle elongation toward the host component. Bot. 25, 402411. Using biotechnological approaches to develop crop resistance to root parasitic weeds. Metabolism during preconditioning and germination of Orobanche aegyptiaca, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research: Biology and management of Orobanche, eds A. H. Pieterse, J. Instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. Weed Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.038, Mauromicale, G., Lo Monaco, A., and Longo, M. G. A. B., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. Systemic acquired resistance in crop protection: from nature to chemical approach. Bot. Multiple flushes (cohorts) of emergence could be found within a single season . New infestations can occur through the use of contaminated seeds or machinery and their prevention is essential. Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said Brad Hanson, UC Cooperative Extension weed specialist, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis. Haustorium 49, 3. Tempting as it may be to keep an infestation secret, the consequences of risking spread of broomrape could be disastrous. The apical cells in the radicle apex develop into intrusive cells, which successively invade host root cortex, endodermis, and the central cylinder. Orobanche crenata in Ethiopia. Crops with target-site herbicide resistance for Orobanche and Striga control. broomrape and bursage relationship. (2012). doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00100-9, Joel, D. M. (2009). - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 7fc2e8-Mjc3Z Transformation of carrots with mutant acetolactate synthase for Orobanche (broomrape) control. 62, 70637071. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00771.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2009a). Pest Manag. Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel (branched broomrape) is a holoparasitic plant that reproduces on crops and also on weeds, which contributes to increase the parasite seed bank in fields. 50, 211219. Rev. (2015). Methods for Orobanche and Phelipanche spp. Imazamox application timing for small broomrape (Orobanche minor) control in red clover. Orobanche crenata in Sudan: history, distribution and management. doi: 10.1002/ps.2153, Evidente, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. Plant Sci. Interactions between the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche aegyptiaca and its tomato host: growth and biomass allocation. 49 239248. Biomol. A peptide from insects protects transgenic tobacco from a parasitic weed. Plant Physiol. Striga hermonthica MAX2 restores branching but not the very low fluence response in the Arabidopsis thaliana MAX2 mutant. It is not difficult to imagine many cases in which parents could be motivated to experiment with such biotechnology in an effort to control a child's loving feelings. "Broomrape is easily spread by equipment, boots and water," he said. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Masi M, Cimmino A, Evidente A. Emerged small broomrape stalks in a red clover seed production eld. Multiple KAI2d genes across broomrape species genomes may allow diversified recognition of root exudates corresponding with suitable hosts (Conn et al., 2015). doi: 10.1021/jf991145w, Panetta, F. D., and Lawes, R. (2005). Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) acts as a functional analog of SA and activates defense responses in susceptible hosts leading to lignification of the endodermis and a consequent inhibition to up to 98% broomrape parasitism (Gonsior et al., 2004; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Kusumoto et al., 2007). doi: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0243.x, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Basso, S., Rubiales, D., and Evidente, A. (2013). Broomrapes produce little or no chlorophyll; instead, they draw nourishment from the roots of other plants by means of small suckers called haustoria. Annu. Polyphenols, including the new peapolyphenols AC, from root exudates stimulate Orobanche foetida seed germination. Based on the results obtained in their greenhouse experiments, these authors recommended field doses of 1.6 kg ha1 for crop densities of 32,000 tobacco plants ha1. Biol. Plant Cell Environ. Exogenous amino acids inhibit seed germination and tubercle formation by Orobanche ramosa (broomrape): potential application for management of parasitic weeds. The major strategy that specifically impedes the broomrape capacity to penetrate the host once the radicle has made contact with host root, is based on the use of host resistance, either genetic resistance obtained by breeding (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010), or induced resistance by abiotic or biotic agents (Gonsior et al., 2004; Kusumoto et al., 2007). Is seed conditioning essential for Orobanche germination? Several factors contribute to the fact that broomrape weeds remain an uncontrolled agricultural problem. Agronomie 23, 359362. Signalling organogenesis in parasitic angiosperms: xenognosin generation, perception, and response. Composition of and changes in storage compounds in Orobanche aegyptiaca seeds during preconditioning. Weed Res. The stimulatory capability of crop root exudates is defined by the qualitative and quantitative content of germination-inducing factors and varies across crop species and cultivars. Funct. GA acts positively on germination in dormant non-parasitic species by counteracting ABA (Seo et al., 2009). Ann. Broomrape is easily spread by equipment, boots and water, he said. 19, 217231. Accumulation of ammonium can be toxic to plants and its detoxification occurs via incorporation into organic compounds. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2007.00212.x, Prez-de-Luque, A., and Rubiales, D. (2009). Phytochemistry 72, 624634. (2012). All rights reserved. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00738.x, Prez-de-Luque, A., Jorrn, J., Cubero, J. I., and Rubiales, D. (2005). (2002). Characterization of resistance in chickpea to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). (2007). doi: 10.1126/science.aab1140, Dadon, T., Nun, N. B., and Mayer, A. M. (2004). 37, 3751. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0563, Louarn, J., Carbonne, F., Delavault, P., Becard, G., and Rochange, S. (2012). Sources of natural resistance based on reduced release of haustorium-inducing factors is a doubly interesting strategy to inhibit broomrape parasitism because not only it prevents broomrape parasitism in the current crop, but also it promotes the demise of the seed bank by promoting suicidal germination. Westwood, J. H., dePamphilis, C. W., Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Honaas, L. A., Timko, M. P., et al. Control 28, 110. (2015). (2010). (2002). Sucrose is also metabolized to starch that is accumulated in the broomrape storage organ, the tubercle (Abbes et al., 2009; Draie et al., 2011). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0629, Johnson, A. W., Rosebery, G., and Parker, C. (1976). 25, 803813. Thorie Elmentaire de la Botanique. The concept of trap crops refers to the cultivation of crop species whose root exudates exhibit high germination-inducing activity on broomrape seeds, but these species do not become infected because they are resistant to later stages of the parasitic process indirectly leading to the killing of the young broomrape seedlings due to the lack of proper host. Effect of small broomrape (Orobanche minor) on red clover growth and dry matter partitioning. doi: 10.1614/WS-D-11-00113.1. Mol. Induced resistance an innovative approach to manage branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) in hemp and tobacco. J. Bot. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00137-5, Ahonsi, M. O., Berner, D. K., Emechebe, A. M., Lagoke, S. T., and Sangina, N. (2003). The majority of strategies aimed to manage autotrophic weeds do not necessarily work for broomrapes and those that provide a degree of success for broomrape need to be optimized for each broomrape-crop species combination, local environmental conditions and broomrape population. doi: 10.1094/MPMI.1998.11.6.530, Xie, X., Yoneyama, K., and Yoneyama, K. (2010). Rubiales, D., Alcntara, C., Prez-de-Luque, A., Gil, J., and Sillero, J. C. (2003a). In the fields I am aware of, the crop was destroyed, the field disked under and methyl bromide applied. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. Dev. Besides the effects of fertilization management on pre-attached broomrape stages described in previous sections, high soil fertility can induce crops to endure broomrape parasitism by helping the host to maintain a favorable osmotic potential that reduces the parasitic sink strength (Gworgwor and Weber, 1991). (1995). 72, 564574. (2011). Plant. The first attempts to deplete parasitic weed seed bank was made by Johnson et al. (1993). Molecular responses of Lotus japonicus to parasitism by the compatible species Orobanche aegyptiaca and the incompatible species Striga hermonthica. S. J. Ter Borg (Wageningen: LH/VPO), 2534. Expression of sarcotoxin IA gene via a root-specific tob promoter enhanced host resistance against parasitic weeds in tomato plants. The chemical characteristics of the barriers of resistance to broomrape penetration have been extensively studied in Fabaceae crops (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009) and are reviewed in this article in Section Resistant Crops to Broomrape Invasion.. Ann. A swelling of the host root at the penetration point is also observed due the parasitic stimulation of host tissue proliferation; (G) tubercle develops a crown of adventicious roots; (H) tubercle differentiates apical shoot meristem (single shoot meristem for Orobanche species and several shoot meristems for Phelipanche species); (I) the underground shoot eventually emerges through the root surface; (J) flowering and pollination occur. Chae, S. H., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Joel, D. M. (2004). Soil fumigation with methyl bromide has been proved one of the most effective methods to eradicate broomrape seed bank, but this chemical has been banned from use due to its toxic effects on the environment (Joel, 2000; Hershenhorn et al., 2009). Weed Sci. Mayer, A. M., and Bar-Nun, N. (1994). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00272.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Jeschke, W. D. (1999). doi: 10.1021/jf504609w, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Avolio, F., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., Yoneyama, K., et al. If this works, it will be easy to implement through the fertilizer system.. BMC Evol. Manage. Plant Dis. For example, soil application of uniconazole, a triazole that is commercially used for growth regulation has proved to reduce parasitism by inhibiting seed conditioning and subsequent germination (Joel, 2000; Zehhar et al., 2002; Song et al., 2005; Lechat et al., 2012). doi: 10.1038/374220a0, Joel, D. M., and Losner-Goshen, D. (1994). Omissions? Intercropping systems cultivate simultaneously more than one species in close association to take agronomic advantage of biodiversity, competition, and complementarity between them. (2009). Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) (2004). Soyasapogenol B and trans-22-dehydrocamposterol from common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) root exudates stimulate broomrape seed germination. As the tubercle matures a crown of adventitious roots will emerge from this tubercle carrying capacity of developing lateral haustorial connections. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers189, Lee, J. doi: 10.1021/jf030025s, Grenz, J. H., Manschadi, A. M., Uygurc, F. N., and Sauerborn, J. 9, 200208. Neither nitrogen nor lipid content change significantly during conditioning, while carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis seems to be crucial (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993, 2002; Mayer and Bar-Nun, 1994, 1997). Besides arginine and aspartate, other major forms of amino acids translocate from the host phloem but they are rapidly utilized by broomrape. Parker, C. (2014). 153, 117126. These methods can be classified as cultural and physical, chemical, biological control, and use of host resistance (Rubiales et al., 2009b). Sci. Careers. J. Weed Res. 36, 113121. Barghouthi, S., and Salman, M. (2010). Broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. 42, 5760. It has no root cap and does not develop procambium or conductive tissues (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Control the Striga conundrum. In addition, their mixed traits of weed and underground pathogen, make their control tricky. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). An alternative to the selective use of herbicides when target-site resistance is not available for a specific crop is the touchy use of repeated applications of non-selective herbicidal doses to promote sublethal effects for the crop but lethal effects to the initial stages of post-attached parasitism (Foy et al., 1989). management in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Such target-site resistance is also available in other broomrape-susceptible crops but remains to be tested and registered to control broomrape. The effect of nitrogenous compounds on in vitro germination of Orobanche crenata Forsk. Crops that reach their seed filling period earlier than broomrape initiates its underground bud development are able to restrict parasitic sink and endure parasitic damage (Manschadi et al., 1996; Grenz et al., 2005; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009a, 2012a). based on a life cycle model. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2022 Mar 23;13:733116. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.733116. Epub 2021 Dec 1. de Saint Germain A, Jacobs A, Brun G, Pouvreau JB, Braem L, Cornu D, Clav G, Baudu E, Steinmetz V, Servajean V, Wicke S, Gevaert K, Simier P, Goormachtig S, Delavault P, Boyer FD. PrCYP707A1, an ABA catabolic gene, is a key component of Phelipanche ramosa seed germination in response to the strigolactone analogue GR24. However, exogenous application of GA alone is not sufficient to promote broomrape germination (Takeuchi et al., 1995; Chae et al., 2004) and strigolactone-mediated ABA catabolism in conditioned seeds is required to trigger germination (Lechat et al., 2012). (2005). Careful selection of the non-host component in the intercrop is, however, required as some plant species can act as non-host facilitators and therefore increase the severity of broomrape infection in the host component (Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2013). Additional mechanisms that could contribute to the selective action of host-derived strigolactones in broomrape germination could be (1) variations of molecular structure between host-derived and parasite-encoded strigolactones conferring different specificity for different biological functions or (2) different spatial localization inside the broomrape seed for functions of strigolactone detection and strigolactone synthesis (Das et al., 2015). J. Phytopathol. 139, 194198. Instead an integrated control program including a battery of broomrape-specific measurements is preferable. Control 15, 274282. J. Plant Sci. Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty. doi: 10.1560/ETEL-C34X-Y6MG-YT0M, Veronesi, C., Bonnin, E., Calvez, S., Thalouarn, P., and Simier, P. (2007). Crop Prot. This may well-explain why some several decades of parasitic plant research have not end up with satisfying and largely available tools for controlling this parasitic plant. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Ghersa, C. M., and Martinez-Ghersa, M. A. Field Crops Res. Figure 2. Phytopathol. As the broomrape seeds are long-lived and difficult to detect, infested fields are usually quarantined to prevent further spread. Weed Sci. Pron, T., Vronsi, C., Mortreau, E., Pouvreau, J. The first function of haustorium is as adhesion organ to host root surface mediated by a papillae cell layer; (E) adhesion to the root 3 days after germination induction; (F) upon vascular connection with the host, broomape initiates the development of the tubercle, the broomrape storage organ for host-derived nutrients. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. Ecological aspects of nitrogen assimilation. 36, 395404. (1969). Riopel, J. L., and Timko, M. P. (1995). The Effect of 10 Crop Plants That Served as Hosts on the Primary Metabolic Profile of the Parasitic Plant. Because parasitic weeds require host encoded molecules to stimulate the initiation of parasitism both at the level of seed germination and haustorium initiation, breeding for low-inducers genotypes of those processes are obvious targets for resistance (Yoder and Scholes, 2010). doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2008.00241.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A. Sci. However, in other broomrape-crop associations the damage induced by broomrape extends beyond assimilate diversion. Imidazolinone-tolerant crops: history, current status and future. They have been traditionally considered the exception in parasitic Orobanchaceae that do not require host factors for haustorium initiation (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013).

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