characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. Wubne, Mulatu. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Agron., 16: 180-195. . Agriculture. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. Agriculture. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. An estimated 85 percent of the . However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. However, the expected level was not achieved. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Brighter Green, 6. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. U.S. Department of Commerce Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. Agriculture >. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. . It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. This can be attributed to two factors. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Land ownership is also a complicating factor. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . <i>Methods</i>. As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. Overview. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. Wubne, Mulatu. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. Brighter Green, 2. . The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. [7] Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. Section D. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. 3. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. 1401 Constitution Ave NW In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. <i>Objective</i>. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. This site contains PDF documents. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS).

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