First launch mid-2020", "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin could change the face of space travel", "Blue Origin shows interest in national security launches", "Jeff Bezos and National Reconnaissance Office talk about space and innovation", "Vous avez aim Ariane 6, vous allez adorer Ariane Next - L'Usine Aro", "CNES: By mid-2015 we'll propose LOX/methane reusable 1st stage roadmap w/ Germany. Addresses domestic and international security concerns in space. 55. Last year, most of SpaceX's Starlink launches have released satellites into Shell 4, at an inclination of 53.2 degrees, after the company largely completed launches into the first 53-degree . Starship's fuel alone probably costs $200,000 let alone anything else. 345. Harry W. Jones, The Recent Large Reduction in Space Launch Cost, Albuquerque, New Mexico: 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, ICES-2018-81, July 8-12, 2018, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20200001093.pdf. Other national space agenciessuch as China's CNSA[1] ULA gets USSF-112 & USSF-87 for $224.3 million. [30], By December 2014, Arianespace had selected a design and commenced development of the Ariane 6, its new entrant into the commercial launch market aiming for more competitively priced launch service offerings, with operational flights planned to begin in 2020. Explore fundamental concepts in the air and space domains. Due to these discrepancies, the data source is provided in the interactive chart on a vehicle-by-vehicle basis. All adjustments for inflation in this data repository are made using the GDP Chained Price Index published by the Office of Management and Budget in Historical Table 10.1. On the commercial side, SpaceX has been privately developing their next-generation Starship launch system,[77] featuring fully reusable boosters and spacecraft, and targeting 150 metric tons (330,000lb) of payload. "[96], Airbus announced in 2015 that they would open an R&D center and venture capital fund in Silicon Valley. In many cases, space launches are arranged through private or classified contracts. NASA could switch entirely to the Atlas V for future Cygnus flights. Some experts believe that the universe is infinite, while others argue that we cant yet know for certain because current measurements arent accurate enough. Commercial launch has reduced the cost to LEO by a factor of 20. . 2011: Only 17 geostationary commercial satellites went under contract during 2011 as an "historically large capital spending surge by the biggest satellite fleet operators" began to tail off, something that had been anticipated to follow the various satellite fleets being substantially upgraded. The low launch prices offered by the company,[23] especially for communication satellites flying to geostationary (GTO) orbit, resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their prices. [15][53] The ULA board of directorscomposed entirely of executives from Boeing and Lockheed Martinis approving development funding on a quarter-by-quarter basis. [90][needs update] ULAafter having held a government-sanctioned monopoly on US military launches for the previous decadedeclined to even submit a bid, leaving the likely contract award winner to be SpaceX, the only other domestic US provider of launch services to be certified as usable by the US military. completed a satellite launch mission. However, when its hydrogen stores are depleted, some stars are able to fuse helium or even heavier elements. SpaceX now handles about two-thirds of NASA's launches, including many research payloads, with flights as cheap as $62 million, roughly two-thirds the price of a rocket from United Launch Alliance, a competitor. So, out of the three vehicles currently being used to bring NASA astronauts to the ISS, Crew Dragon is the cheapest and Starliner the most expensive, but not significantly more so than Soyuz. "[74], According to an industry panel interviewed in October 2018, an industry shakeout is expected between 2019 and 2021 due to the excess supply compared to demand. NASA's Space Launch System (SLS), designed in collaboration with Boeing, has so far cost nearly triple the $10-billion projected development cost when it was first announced in 2011. The 20 SpaceX Dragon flights cost roughly $182 million each, while the 10 Orbital ATK Cygnus flights cost roughly $339 million each. [87], For perspective, eight additional satellites in 2014 were booked "by national launch providers in deals for which no competitive bids were sought. "[82], A consolidated Arianspace reported 15 total launches for the Ariane, Soyuz, and Vega rockets in 2021. For older launch vehicles, which were often directly funded by civil space agencies and military services, unit flyaway costs are not always available. In 2010, then-President Barack Obama toured Kennedy Space Center and even met with Elon Musk to get a . . The US government is developing the Space Launch System (SLS), capable of lifting very large payloads of 70 to 130 metric tons (150,000 to 290,000lb) from Earth. Some critical differences between launch vehicles, like total lift capability and whether any of their components are designed to be reused, may lead to drastically different launch costs. most often Small, Medium, and Heavythere is no universally accepted definition for the boundaries between these classes. Over 16 missions, SpaceX saw an average cost overrun of . "[63] Bezos sees competition as a good thing, particularly as competition leads to his ultimate goal of getting "millions and millions of people living and working in space. [3], SpaceX's market share increased rapidly. Ariane 6, the European launch vehicle design prior to Ariane Next has seen delays. [81], Following the successful maiden flight of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy in February 2018, and with SpaceX advertising a US$90 million list price for transporting up to 63,800kg (140,700lb) to low-Earth orbit, U.S. President Donald Trump said: "If the government did it, the same thing would have cost probably 40 or 50 times that amount of money. to LEO for a space launch vehicle is simply the highest mass capacity reported by a launch provider. Although the Falcon Heavy looks similar to a Delta 4 Heavy, its performance is much higher and, simultaneously, its cost per launch is much lower. They indicated they are using the lower prices they can get from SpaceX against Arianespace in negotiations for launch contracts. In a stars early stages, its powered by hydrogen. One such satellite system is the Boeing 702SP which can be launched as a pair on a lighter-weight dual-commsat stacktwo satellites conjoined on a single launchand which was specifically designed to take advantage of the lower-cost SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle. The corresponding . [citation needed], By 2018, Russia has indicated it may reduce focus on the commercial launch market. In particular it is the trend of competitive dynamics among payload transport capabilities at diverse prices having a greater influence on launch purchasing than the traditional political considerations of country of manufacture or the national entity using, regulating or licensing the launch service. A side-by-side comparison reveals that SpaceX's costs are considerably lower. Making the Starship reusable cuts the cost per launch hugely, making space exploration and activity much more affordable. [32] In 2014, the US GAO calculated the average cost of each ULA rocket launch for the US government had risen to approximately US$420 million. The big cheese at Roscosmos has claimed a launch to the International Space Station using good ol' fashioned Russian Soyuz rockets still costs less than SpaceX's offering. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [5] [72] In November 2019, Elon Musk reduced this figure to $2 million -- $900,000 for fuel and $1.1 million for launch support services. In this data repository, the per-kilogram launch cost provided in the interactive chart is typically the unit flyaway cost, a term borrowed from the aviation industry and defined in the Definitions subsection of this page. But launch services aren't produce, and the conventional way of assessing launch costs on a dollars-per-kilogram basis isn't a good measure of the cost of launch. When the contracts for the Commercial Crew Program were awarded in 2014, Boeing received the lion's share, slightly more than 60 percent of the $6.8 billion NASA awarded, getting $4.2 billion . [64][65] In 2019, Blue was not only competing to offer the New Glenn launch vehicle for the US military's multi-year block-buy contract for "all [US] national security launches from 2022 to 2026" against SpaceX, ULA (for which Blue is on contract to provide the BE-4 engines for the ULA Vulcan), and others, it had "said the Air Force competition was designed to unfairly benefit ULA. It is important to remember that small-lift launchers are never . 4 (2019): pp. Inspiration4, an all-civilian private space flight . ULA entered into a partnership with Blue Origin in September 2014 to develop the BE-4 LOX/methane engine to replace the RD-180 on a new lower-cost first stage booster rocket. In 2018 he said the rocket would cost no more than $150 million to loft heavy payloads into orbit. A Visual Introduction to the Dwarf Planets in our Solar System, Charted: Teslas Unrivaled Profit Margins, Ranked: The Worlds Richest Billionaires Over the Past 10 Years, All of the Worlds Money and Markets in One Visualization (2022), Visualizing the Worlds Top Social Media and Messaging Apps, Animated Map: Where to Find Water on Mars. Below are the stats on how the two rockets compare. In 2019, Ars Technica reported that it could cost over $2 billion to launch the rocket once in a given year. In FY21 dollars, newer launch vehicles tend to offer lower costs than older launch vehicles, with a gradual decline from 1957 to 2005, and a steeper decline between 2005 and 2020. Many of the cited sources directly provide cost-per-kilogram estimates for launches to LEO. With frequent recovery of first-stage boosters by SpaceX, expendable missions had become a rare occurrence for them. We assume a slightly lower average of $60M, due to expected price slippage from some launches flying at less than full capacity. Let's start with a side-by-side comparison. ISRO vs. SpaceX launch vehicle price comparison: If you look at the price difference between ISRO and SpaceX launch vehicles, ISRO is the winner. Then OIG subtracted the . Although space launch vehiclesoften have vastly different characteristics from one anotherincluding the orbital regimes into which they can place payloads, the spaceports from which they can be launched, and their likelihood of success or failurethey all share the same core mission: to safely place payloads into orbit around the Earth. . "[99], Following a SpaceX launch vehicle failure in June 2015due to the lower prices, increased flexibility for partial-payload launches of the Ariane heavy lifter, and decreased cost of operations of the ESA Guiana Space Center spaceportArianespace regained the competitive lead in commercial launch contracts signed in 2015. [38] By May 2015, the SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.1 was certified by the USAF to compete to launch many of the expensive satellites which are considered essential to US national security. [49], For the space launch sector, this began to change with the January 2015 Google and Fidelity Investments investment of US$1 billion in SpaceX. Cubesat launches that had previously cost US$350400 thousand had declined by March 2018 to US$250 thousand, and prices were continuing to decline. While stars emit energy for years, its important to note that they dont shine for eternity. $2 billion," though NASA has proposed to halve launch costs, and in March this year NASA Inspector General Paul Martin said it could cost $4 . We encourage corrections, additions, and suggestions. Which Countries Have the Lowest Inflation? SpaceX and International Launch Services offer only dedicated launch contracts. Click and drag on the chart area to zoom into a particular subset of bubbles. [10], SpaceNews journalist Peter B. Market dynamics in satellite launch industry, 1970s and 1980s: Commercial satellites emerge, 2010-2020s: Competition and pricing pressure, First launch of the competitive PSLV-CA and PSLV-XL versions (2007 and 2008), Excluding two demo flights of Kuaizhou-1 version in 2013 and 2014, Atlas + Delta excluding military missions and GPS; Dnepr, Rokot, Zenit, Competition for the American heavy-lift market, Launch industry response - to lower prices - from 2014, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, first launch to a geostationary transfer orbit, first successful landing and recovery of a SpaceX Falcon 9 first stage in December 2015, successful recovery of a first stage rocket in December 2015, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14777622.2016.1244877, "ULA bows out of Pentagon launch competition, paving way for SpaceX", "ULA intends to lower its costs, and raise its cool, to compete with SpaceX", "Four rocket companies are competing for Air Force funding, and it is war", "To stay competitive in the launch business, ULA courts commercial customers", "SpaceX crests double-digit marker, notching tenth launch this year", "Elon Musk spent $1 billion developing SpaceX's reusable rockets here's how fast he might recoup it all", "As private companies erode government's hold on space travel, NASA looks to open a new frontier", "How did private companies get involved in space? As of May2015[update], the Japanese legislature was considering legislation to provide a legal framework for private company spaceflight initiatives in Japan. Still, "Arianespace remained confident it could maintain its 50% share of the space launch market despite SpaceX's slashing prices by building reliable rockets that are smaller and cheaper. Morgan Stanley projected in 2017 that "revenue from the global industry will increase to at least US$1.1 trillion by 2040, more than triple the figure in 2016. This is quite different from how dual-launch manifested contracts have been previously handled by Arianespace (Ariane V and Ariane 6) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (H-IIA and H3). 175-183, https://doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.62.175, 177. A Project of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. After the mid-2010s, prices for smallsat and cubesat launch services began to decline significantly. Nvidia RTX 3080 vs 3080-Ti: Full Comparison With Specs, Price, and More. Ranked: The Top Online Music Services in the U.S. by Monthly Users, Super-Sized Bets for Footballs Big Game (2013-2022), Mapped: 2023 Inflation Forecasts by Country, How the Russian Invasion of Ukraine Impacts Science and Academia. Eutelsat CEO Michel de Rosen said, in reference to ESA's program to develop the Ariane 6, "Each year that passes will see SpaceX advance, gain market share and further reduce its costs through economies of scale. Roughly one year later, SpaceX won another . 90. By comparison, the liftoff thrust of the Falcon Heavy equals approximately eighteen 747 aircraft at full power. "[27] Facing direct market competition from SpaceX, the large US launch provider United Launch Alliance (ULA) announced strategic changes in 2014 to restructure its launch businessreplacing two launch vehicle families (Atlas V and Delta IV) with the new Vulcan architecturewhile implementing an iterative and incremental development program to build a partially reusable and much lower-cost launch system over the next decade. Low Earth Orbit (LEO), $54,500/kg. [17] In November 2013, Arianespace announced new pricing flexibility for the "lighter satellites" it carries to orbits aboard its Ariane 5 in response to SpaceX's growing presence in the worldwide launch market. [3][4][5] By 2018, the ULA monopoly on US national security space launch had evaporated. Anatoly Zak, Angara-5 to replace Proton, Russian Space Web, accessed August 6, 2020, http://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara5.html. "[101], In the market for launches of small satellitesincluding both rideshare launch services on medium-lift and heavy-lift launch vehicles, and the developing capacity from small launch vehiclesprices were falling by early 2018 as more launch capacity entered the market. [76], As early as August 2014, media sources noted that the US launch market may have two competitive super-heavy launch vehicles available in the 2020s to launch payloads of 100 metric tons (220,000lb) or more to low-Earth orbit. But, given the decreasing cost of space flights over the last two decades, perhaps the sky wont be the limit in the near future. Often, the maximum payload capacity is calculated by assuming a relatively low-altitude circular orbit, such 185 km, and an inclination that corresponds to the latitude of one of the vehicles preferred spaceports. Successes and Failures of U.S. Space Launch. The optimistic numbers we've heard from Elon have been ~$5 million/launch, with SpaceX probably charging modern prices for satellite delivery to orbit. [113] Boeing CEO James McNerney has indicated that SpaceX's growing presence in the space industry is forcing Boeing "to be more competitive in some segments of the market. For a suborbital trip on Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo and Blue Origin's New Shepard, seats typically cost $250,000 to $500,000. In the last two decades, space startup companies have demonstrated they can compete against heavyweight aerospace contractors as Boeing and Lockheed Martin. Like other companies such as Jeff Bezos Blue Origin, and Ball Aerospace, SpaceX is designing and building innovative spacecraft that are speeding up space delivery by making it more routine and affordable. Search for primary source documents from the history of aerospace policy. [26] Continuing to face "stiff competition on price",[13] in April seven European satellite operator companiesincluding the four largest in the world by annual revenueasked that the ESA, "find immediate ways to reduce Ariane 5 rocket launch costs and, in the longer term, make the next-generation Ariane 6 vehicle more attractive for smaller telecommunications satellites. Focuses on issues relating to air power and power projection. A 2017 industry-wide view by SpaceNews reported: By 5 July 2017, SpaceX had launched 10 payloads during a bit over six months"outperform[ing] its cadence from earlier years"and "is well on track to hit the target it set last year of 18 launches in a single year. In 2018 SpaceX launched a record 21 times, exceeding the 18 launches in 2017; ULA had flown just 8 flights in 2018. Rocket Supplier Looks to Break 'Short Leash', "The inside story of how billionaires are racing to take you to outer space", "SpaceX launches SES commercial TV satellite for Asia", "SpaceX Challenge Has Arianespace Rethinking Pricing Policies", "Space Transportation Costs: Trends in Price Per Pound to Orbit ", "Rocket Lab points out that not all rideshare rocket launches are created equal", "Is SpaceX Changing the Rocket Equation? Special thanks to Mariel de la Garza for her work developing this tool. D. E. Koelle, TRANSCOST, Statistical-Analytical Model for Cost Estimation and Economic Optimization of Space Transportation Systems, MBB Report No. "[34] SpaceX charges a little less for launches with a reused booster, so if the second launch carried a payload for a paying customer, SpaceX gets $50 million. Selecting FY21 Dollars inflates cost estimates to their dollar values in fiscal year 2021. Soyuz MS. 86. Consumption of Fuel and Materials per Capita, Visualizing Chinas Dominance in Battery Manufacturing (2022-2027P), Mapped: The Population of Indias States Compared with Countries. Mapped: Europes Biggest Sources of Electricity by Country, Visualizing the Scale of Global Fossil Fuel Production, Visualizing U.S. Geosynchronous orbit launches historically taking advantage of economies of scales with larger launch vehicles and greater use of the maximum payload capacity of a vehicle vs LEO launches. SpaceX designs, manufactures and launches advanced rockets and spacecraft. Likely no flight before ~ 2026 however", "With Eye on SpaceX, CNES Begins Work on Reusable Rocket Stage", "The Ariane 6 debut is slipping again as Europe hopes for a late 2022 launch", "Shotwell: Reusable Falcon 9 Would Cost $5 to $7 Million Per Launch", "Spacex BFR to be lower cost than Falcon 1 at $7 million per launch", "Elon Musk says SpaceX's Starship could fly for as little as $2 million per launch", "Smallsat launch providers face pricing pressure from Chinese vehicles", "Price swings expected during launch industry shakeout", "SpaceX launched the most mass to orbit in the first quarter of 2020 nearly three times as much China, which was the second highest and just ahead of Russia", "Battle of the Heavyweight Rockets -- SLS could face Exploration Class rival", "Musk goes for methane-burning reusable rockets as step to colonise Mars", "SpaceX's Starhopper completes test flight", "Trump on Falcon Heavy: "I'm so used to hearing different numbers with NASA", "Arianespace consolidates leadership in commercial launch market with 15 successful Ariane, Soyuz and Vega launches in 2021 and revenue growth of 30%, while gearing up for another busy year", "SpaceX's biggest competitor is a company you've never heard of", "Satellite Orders Drop but Near-term Launch Manifests Are Full", "Launch & Satellite Contract Review: High-throughput Helps Boost Satellite Orders", "Arianespace, SpaceX Battled to a Draw for 2014 Launch Contracts", "World Satellite Business Week 2014: A rich harvest of contracts for Arianespace", "Europe's Arianespace Claims 60% Of The Commercial Launch Market", "Launch of First GPS 3 Satellite Now Not Expected Until 2017", "As the SpaceX steamroller surges, European rocket industry vows to resist", "China Is Quickly Becoming a Space Superpower", "SpaceX's GPS contract modified to allow reuse of Falcon 9 boosters", "Lockheed-Boeing venture lays off 12 executives in major reorganization", "Airbus dans la Silicon Valley: une occasion manque pour l'Europe", "Airbus Group starts $150 mln venture fund, Silicon Valley base", "In a first, Bengaluru startups on Airbus radar for mentoring business ideas under BizLabs", "SpaceX launches clandestine Zuma satellite questions over spacecraft's health", "France, Germany studying reusability with a subscale flyback booster", "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2018", "Russia appears to have surrendered to SpaceX in the global launch market", "Block 5 rocket launch marks the end of the beginning for SpaceX", "With Block 5, SpaceX to increase launch cadence and lower prices", "Four huge rockets are due to debut in 2020will any make it? Total: Flights which lift-off, or where the vehicle is destroyed during the terminal count . [69][needs update] The company typically charges around $62 million per launch, or around $1,200 per pound of payload to reach low-Earth orbit. One of the reasons given for the restructuring and new cost reduction goals was competition from SpaceX. . [104] The first Block 5 booster flew successfully on 11 May 2018, and SpaceX then "lowered the standard price of a Falcon 9 launch from US$62 million to about US$50 million. SpaceX charges $62 million for a Falcon 9 rocket launch, . Full citations can be found in the Sources section at the bottom of this page. Two NASA astronauts will be joined by a Russian cosmonaut and an astronaut . "[105], In mid-2018, no fewer than three commercial launch vehiclesAriane 6, Vulcan, and New Glennwere being targeted for initial launch in 2020, two of them explicitly aimed at competitively responding to the offerings of SpaceX[106](although journalists and industry experts were expressing doubts that all these target dates would be met. SpaceX's Falcon 9 now advertises a cost of $62 million to launch 22,800 kg to LEO, $2,720/kg. . When understanding the scope of . "In 2004, for example, they held over 50% of the world market. SpaceX Vs NASA: A Comparison Of Rocket Technology. This data repository compares costs between space launch vehicles by incorporating many vehicle characteristics into a single figure: the cost to launch one kilogram of payload mass to low Earth orbit (LEO) as part of a dedicated launch. For example, the cost per launch of a PSLV rocket is $18 million to $28 million, the cost per launch of GSLV is $47 million, and GSLV Mark III is $51 million. PARIS Launch-service provider SpaceX's new price chart shows the performance cost incurred when making the Falcon 9 Full Thrust and Falcon Heavy rockets partially reusable. One of the reasons given for the restructuring and new cost reduction goals was competition from SpaceX. Falcon Heavy can . This was the first year in some time that no commercial launches were booked on the Russian (Proton-M) and Russian-Ukrainian (Zenit) launch service providers. The Saturn V cost $185 million per launch at the time, or about $1.25 billion in today's money, because each rocket was single-use. That means the total revenue from two launches of that booster is $112 million ($62M + $50M), while the total cost to SpaceX is only $65 million ($50M + $15M). Which Countries are Buying Russian Fossil Fuels? Rockets comparison Length (or Height) NASA Saturn V - 363 feet (110.64 m) SpaceX Falcon Heavy - 229 feet (69.80 m) SpaceX BFR Notes 1 - 348 feet (106.07 m) NASA SLS (Space Launch System) - 365 feet (111.25 m) Blue Origin New Glenn Rocket - 326 feet (99.36 m) SpaceX Crew Dragon. ", "Arianespace Surpassed SpaceX in Commercial Launch Orders in 2015", "Europe to press ahead with Ariane 6 rocket", "U.S. International competition for the communications satellite payload subset of the launch market was increasingly influenced by commercial considerations. "[41], Following the first successful landing and recovery of a SpaceX Falcon 9 first stage in December 2015, equity analysts at investment bank Jefferies estimated that launch costs to satellite operators using Falcon 9 launch vehicles may decline by about 40% of SpaceX' typical US$61 million per launch,[42] In fact, by leasing its unused Launch Complex-39A to SpaceX for Falcon Heavy launches, the space agency has said it saves about $1 million in annual maintenance costs on the historical launch complex. To date, the company claims that Falcon 9 first stage can be reused from 5 to 10 times, which significantly reduces launch costs. [29], In August 2014, Eutelsat, the third-largest fixed satellite services operator worldwide by revenue, indicated that it planned to spend approximately 100 million less each year in the next three years, due to lower prices for launch services and by transitioning their commsats to electric propulsion. Assesses NASA, other civil agencies, and private space companies. 1x 1.5x 1.8x. [94][failed verification], According to one Arianespace managing director in 2015, "'It's quite clear there's a very significant challenge coming from SpaceX,' he said. [6][5], By mid-2017, the results of this multi-year competitive pressure on commercially bid launch prices was being observed in the actual number of launches achieved. In those cases, non-recurring costs, such as research and development, may be included as part of the figure. We will make up for a bad strategic choice made 10 years ago."[110]. Retail Investors Most Popular Stocks of 2023 So Far, Consumer Price Inflation, by Type of Good or Service (2000-2022), Mapped: Unemployment Forecasts, by Country in 2023, Decoding Googles AI Ambitions (and Anxiety), Ranked: Americas 20 Biggest Tech Layoffs Since 2020, Infographic: Generative AI Explained by AI, Infographic: 11 Tech Trends to Watch in 2023, Ranked: The Top 50 Most Visited Websites in the World, Visualized: The Most (and Least) Expensive Cities to Live In, Visualizing $65 Trillion in Hidden Dollar Debt, Visualizing the Relationship Between Cancer and Lifespan, Visualizing How COVID-19 Antiviral Pills and Vaccines Work at the Cellular Level, Mapped: The Most Common Illicit Drugs in the World. [102] Russia may be the first launch provider to be a casualty of over supply of launch services. In an opinion article shared on the Russian agency's website in English, Dmitry Rogozin also accused NASA of being unprofessional, and slammed the Americans' hurtful . Russia launched only three commercial payloads in 2017. [55], Other launch service providers are developing new space launch systems with substantial government capital investment. China Power Project, How is China advancing its space launch capabilities? Center for Strategic and International Studies, accessed June 24, 2020, https://chinapower.csis.org/china-space-launch/. In those cases, the reported cost-per-kilogram figure is calculated by the, includes all direct and indirect manufacturing costs and their associated overhead plus recurring engineering, sustaining tooling, and quality control., Unit flyaway cost often includes [a]llowances or allocations to cover system and program management, software and other engineering changes and their associated test, and nonrecurring tooling, manufacturing, and engineering..
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