dog chromosome 1 function

Science 356, 9295 (2017). We offer a set of CABR TM animal probes for our customers to detect or confirm the genetic signal, which can also be applied for the functional researches of animal DNA sequences. Natl Acad. Venta b Representative GSD_1.0 annotation from the UCSC track hub highlighting available data and an example of a gene hidden in CanFam3.1. This is called metastasis. In sexually reproducing organisms, the number of chromosomes in the body (somatic) cells typically is diploid (2n; a pair of each chromosome), twice the haploid (1n) number found in the sex cells, or gametes. Genome-wide association analysis reveals a SOD1 mutation in canine degenerative myelopathy that resembles amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Premature degeneration of the intervertebral disc and its association with specific chondrodystrophic dog breeds has been recognized for over a century. Novel origins of copy number variation in the dog genome. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Genetics is an area with exponential growth in recent years, and much of this is due to recent technological advances that have allowed for the entire genome of many species, including dogs, to be deciphered. These may indicate ancient centromere and telomere positions prior to chromosomal rearrangements and most were also present in the previous reference genome assembly. & Liu, Z. ATXN3 promotes breast cancer metastasis by deubiquitinating KLF4. C.W., O.W., M.-L.A., J.N. If the organism has two different alleles, this is referred to as heterozygous. For a given gene the code is a very precise; a single mistake in the DNA sequence could have disastrous consequences for the health of your dog. PubMed Central Phased diploid genome assembly with single-molecule real-time sequencing. Kent, W. J. BLAT-the BLAST-like alignment tool. SNPs, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, represent single bases in the genome that are frequently mutated. We found that the highest number of upregulated genes (n=104) were on CFA 9 (dog chromosome 9) and the highest number of downregulated genes (n=96) were on CFA 1 (dog chromosome 1) (Fig. Several genes have been physically mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH 1 ) analysis and are shown in Table 1 . Wayne If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. PLoS ONE 9, e112963 (2014). The annotation consisted of 159 thousand transcripts in 29,583 genes; of which 20,654 had an open reading frame (ORF) of at least 100 amino acids and 19,691 genes had a significant BLAST hit against proteins in Swissprot or ENSEMBL. The histone can be thought of as a spool and the DNA as . J The thread-like structure of chromosomes helps divide cells, repair, mutation and regeneration. Qcat and pychopper (https://github.com/nanoporetech/) were used to demultiplexed reads and to identify and orient fully sequenced reads. A gene is a functional unit on a chromosome that directs an organism's cells to perform a particular function e.g. Proteins are needed for all of the key systems in the body such as the nervous system or the digestive system. Google Scholar. Chromosome paints representing all chromosomes of the canine karyotype have been generated by bivariate flow sorting ( Langford and others 1996), thereby providing reagents for nonambiguous chromosome identification. K 2011). Other members of the dog family diverged 7 . Many historical sources depict the type of dogs used by peoples such as the ancient Greeks and Romans. The black or brown nose correlated perfectly with the absence or presence of the same three TYRP1 variants described above. 3a). Marrano Nat. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. This can be fairly straightforward when studying genes that control appearance, however, it is much more difficult when studying dog disease or behavior (Spady et al. 02/18/2011. Variants were called from alignment by HaplotypeCaller, and further merged by the CombineGVCFs and GentoypesGVCFs. Nicholas, T. J. et al. Cao . Nat. Garrison, E. & Marth, G. Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing. Fate Chem. The current canine reference genome, CanFam3.1, is based on a 2005 7.4 Sanger sequencing framework9, improved in 2014 with multiple methods to better resolve euchromatic regions and annotate transcripts from gross tissues10. Gentleman Google Scholar. Durra The diagrams below show stages of mitosis. AA PJ Maldonado Because tetranucleotide repeats have definite advantages over dinucleotide repeats for scoring alleles (generally showing a simpler signal on analysis and being more polymorphic), their use is becoming increasingly popular. Fournier Mol. J. Hered. CAS Tragically, many dogs with such . Humans with Down Syndrome often enjoy a high quality of life. AA 4a, b). In the last decade, scientists working at more than 100 laboratories worldwide have made significant progress in painting a detailed picture of the complex relationships between physical traits, behavior and disease in purebred dogs . Francisco b Comparison of GC content (50bp window) between GSD_1.0 and CanFam3.1. J Due to the nature of dark and camouflaged regions, default practices will not allow for the mapping of ISR reads to, and subsequent variant extraction from, these positions. The Juicebox Assembly Tools module facilitates de novo assembly of mammalian genomes with chromosome-length scaffolds for under $1000. 2). spanning the relevant 34 million- to 49 million-base-pair interval of chromosome 15 in 353 dogs representing 14 small breeds and 9 giant breeds. Contiguous sequence was also reported for both the T cell receptor alpha (TRA) and T cell receptor beta (TRB) loci on chr 8 and 16, respectively (Supplementary Fig. Ostrander Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Meyers-Wallen, V. N. et al. dog chromosome 1 function. By analyzing DNA samples from over 200 dog breeds . A comprehensive linkage map of the dog genome. June 11, 2022 . Both detected SVs using evidence from split and paired reads, and also assembled the sequences of breakpoints to accurately estimate these positions. . Figure 3: Nondisjunction results in daughter cells with unusual chromosome numbers. They became valuable genetic resources in the same way that isolated human populations such as the Finnish and Icelandic people are extensively used for mapping genetic traits. Public Illumina stranded RNA-seq runs with paired reads of at least 100bp were downloaded from NCBI using the SRA-Explorer (https://sra-explorer.info/). A fruit fly, for example, has four pairs of chromosomes, while a rice plant has 12 and a dog, 39. Chin, C.-S. et al. 2008; Parker et al. GC content (%) was assessed in 50bp windows (NUC from BEDTools63 v2.29.2). Mitochondrial DNA sequences have also been used to examine the evolution of the Canidae and the origins of the domestic dog ( Wayne 1993 ). Over more recent timespans, these mobile elements can allow for genome slippage, and to the accumulation of within and across population SVs. Notably, eight genes with expression across multiple tissues were completely absent or represented by pseudogenes in CanFam3.1 but were now available for interrogation (PSMA4, CDHR5, SCT, PAOX, UTF1, EFNA2, GPX4 and SLC25A22). MM PCR was performed with either PrimeSTAR GXL DNA Polymerase (Takara) or AmpliTaq Gold DNA Polymerase (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturers recommendations. Chromosomal conditions are also thought to be rarer in dogs. Int. Females have two X chromosomes. In order to locate nucleotide sequences responsible for traits of interest, researchers have to comb through approximately 3 billion base pairs, the length of the canine genome. Annotation with generated and existing long and short read RNA-seq, miRNA-seq and ATAC-seq, revealed that 32.1% of lifted overCanFam3.1 gaps harboured previously hidden functional elements, including promoters, genes and miRNAs in GSD_1.0. The homozygous T genotype can be found in multiple breeds43 and results in an array of pharmacokinetic effects, including reduced hepatic drug metabolism44. Dispos. Gastroenterology 151, 945960.e6 (2016). Not all DNA contains genes. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles We scanned the genomes of 27 10x dogs using four SV callers. CAS Chromosomes are located within the nucleus of our cells. de Anda-Juregui, G., Espinal-Enrquez, J., Drago-Garca, D. & Hernndez-Lemus, E. Nonredundant, highly connected microRNAs control functionality in breast cancer networks. Clin. Genes can determine how your dog will develop from the color of his fur to his personality traits and, in some cases, the diseases your dog will be susceptible to. JM Rice, P., Longden, I. 1a). Lindblad-Toh, K. et al. Graham, R. A. et al. Chromosomes are made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the "molecule of life". We believe that the catalogues generated here (extended gene models, dark/camouflaged regions, within and across-breed variation), based on the GSD_1.0 framework, will propel the comparison of canine and human genetic disease forward by leaps and bounds. For CYP1A2 CNV genotyping, ddPCR absolute quantification (BioRad) was performed and quantified as before85. 34, 835846 (2004). Holmes Medium SVs spanning from 50 to 30kb were detected by examining the haplotype-specific coverage drops and discordant reads pairs. BAC sequences were mapped as paired reads (BWA58 mem default setting), to GSD_1.0 and CanFam3.1. Genome Biol. Guevara-Fujita 1). To resolve transcript complexity and account for the CanFam3.1 gap closures in GSD_1.0, we generated more than 70M nanopore and PacBio full-length cDNA reads from 40 tissues (including 15 brain regions; Supplementary Table2), and combined this with 24 billion public RNA-seq paired reads (Supplementary Data1). Four DELs and four CNVs which overlapped protein-coding genes that were polymorphic within the 10x dataset (>3/27 individuals) were selected (Supplementary Data2). Centromeric regions were defined based on satellite repeat67 (CarSat1/Carsat2/SAT1_CF) content in 5kb windows. Applebaum A novel gene was defined if it (1) had at least 80% of the gene body identified from the filled CanFam3.1 gaps; (2) was not a pseudogene; (3) had not been annotated in the unplaced scaffolds of CanFam3.1; and (4) did not have the duplicated/homologous fragment in another region of the genome. Lolley Abbreviations used in this paper: BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; HN, hereditary nephritis; PRA, progressive retinal atrophy; RP, retinitis pigmentosa; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency; SSCP, single strand conformation polymorphism. Toggle navigation. 30, 12061213 (2002). NP Google Scholar. Hurwitz 3b). Biol. Cytogenetics is a genetic science that studies the number, structure and function of chromosomes. Small Anim. The 46 . Quinlan, A. R. & Hall, I. M. BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Fischer With more than 1100 worldwide collaborators on active projects, JGI is the preeminent facility for sequencing plants, microbes, and microbial communities that are foundational to energy and environmental research. a deletion in the repetitive interferon alpha gene cluster associated with hypothyroidism6), and were identified with canine SNP chips, e.g., CanineHD BeadChip (Illumina), genotyping complemented with imputation7 or genome and transcriptome sequencing of individuals, families8 or large populations3. Anim. The canFam_GSD_1.0 assembly is deposited in DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under JAAHUQ000000000, and also available in UCSC browser (http://genome-euro.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=canFam4). Each species has a set number of chromosomes arranged in pairs within each cell, but the number of chromosomes can differ between species. Ultimately, the researchers analyzed DNA from more than 3,000 dogs from 143 breeds to pinpoint a specific . It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The T allele was observed in 4/27 10x dogs, but in heterozygous form and not segregating with CNV count (25 copies; Fig. Price. Mapping accuracy was increased by only using reads with a quality value above 15. However, it still contains 23,876 gaps, with 19.6% of these within gene bodies, and a further 9.8% located a mere 5kb upstream of predicted gene start sites. The most recent dog SNP chip has over 170,000 SNPs (described in Vaysse et al. Genetic dissection of complex behaviour traits in German Shepherd dogs. F Nash End of preview. Dryja Each of the 78 chromosomes contains the codes for hundreds of genes. Further, 7725 were defined as long noncoding genes. Ultimately we hope to produce genetic tests to identify deleterious mutations before a dog gets sick. BMC Genomics 15, 210 (2014). The family, which now comprises 34 extant species, shows a wide range of chromosome morphologies, with the diploid chromosome number varying from 2n=36 (with mainly metacentric autosomes) in the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) to 2n:78 (with all autosomes being acrocentric) in the domestic dog and also a number of wolf-like canids such as the gray wolf ( Canis lupus ). Dogs will also be a valuable species lot mapping a number of complex genetic diseases including heart disease, hip dysplasia, narcolepsy, atopy, and behavioral traits. . Genome Res. Raducha 5c). Regions dark by depth (dark) were defined as windows with coverage 5, with threshold adjusted for sequencing depth. Two main dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) regions on chr 12 (Fig. DOE Joint Genome Institute. Cancer 18, 696705 (2018). Article E Fredholm O.W. Sampson At the time of this writing, no accurate estimates of the genetic length of the dog genome exist, although the physical sizes of most canine chromosomes have been estimated by comparison of their flow karyotype peaks with human chromosome 4 ( Langford and others 1996 ). Scripts used in the study are available at the GitHub repository (https://github.com/Chao912/Mischka/). CF A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. Nat. Whole-genome genotyping and resequencing reveal the association of a deletion in the complex interferon alpha gene cluster with hypothyroidism in dogs. Friedenberg, S. G. & Meurs, K. M. Genotype imputation in the domestic dog. Wayne Zou, H., Chen, H., Zhou, Z., Wan, Y. and E.S., C.W., OW, J.R.S.M. The id of the protein was determined from the longest BLAST hit from the top five hits with an E-value below 1010. McLaughlin Mol. Vila and K.L.-T. oversaw and interpreted the results together with C.W., O.W., M.L.A. Typically, biologically female individuals have two X chromosomes (XX) while those who are biologically male have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). 21, 974984 (2011). However, with the help of Bioinformatics, the statistical approach to understanding extensive biological data sets, we have access to many tools for unravelling the secrets of the dog genome. Oncotarget 8, 7507675086 (2017). Kronenberg, Z. N. et al. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Study Resources. So some breeds are small and others are big. a Size distribution and overlap with exons and promoters for the filled CanFam3.1 gaps. Want to read all 8 pages? Biol. CAS Halo, J. V. et al. Fletcher 9, e1003475 (2013). Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. But those same genes that make a dog a dog also make different dog traits. PS Acrocentric Chromosome (Actual Shape is difficult to observe) Switonski We identified 14,953,199 SNPs, 6,958,645 indels and 217,951 structural variants (SV, average 2.4kb; Fig. Wright 9, 17 (2018). Several lines of evidence including disease breed predisposition, studies suggesting heritability of premature intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and association of a dog chromosome 12 (CFA 12) locus with intervertebral disc calcification . We live in an age that is exploding with knowledge and information. Sequencing technology reveals more secrets of canine genes much faster than ever before. Nat. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP 1 ) studies have indicated that the mutation in -cGMP phosphodiesterase is probably not responsible for PRA in other breeds with this disease. For each 10x sample, the filtered median SVs from all four callers were merged by the SURVIVOR84, and combined with the large size SVs called from Long Ranger. Article Copy of WORKSHEET3 Virus Structure and Function.pdf. Dudchenko, O. et al. Sci. M Creative Bioarray has experienced experts in the field of animal probes. M Zajac VM Chromosomes are thread-like structures of proteins and nucleic acids obtained from the nucleus of living cells. Genet. Google Scholar. Aguirre Description. In contrast, it is expected that the mutations causing a particular disease within a breed will be identical by descent. Sequencing depth ranged between 30 and 93 (Supplementary Table6). Plasmid DNA was extracted using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), PCR products and plasmids sequenced using the Mix2Seq service (Eurofins Genomics) and analysed using CodonCode Aligner v6.0.2 (CodonCode). Methods 14, 297301 (2017). Protein Cell 10, 143148 (2019). wilcox.test in R was used to assess the significance of between genotypic class gene expression changes. Mischka was assessed to be representative of the population via expected inbreeding value (F=0.037) and multiple dimensional scaling genetic distance measures (PLINK v1.9) and selected for the genome assembly. PubMed EJ Nex-generation sequencing was made possible with assistance from the Uppsala Genome Center (PacBio) and the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform (10x Chromium). The result was converted into VCF form using the cnvnator2VCF.pl script from the CNVnator package. . The computations and data handling were enabled by resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX, Projects SNIC 2019/8-266, 2018/3-677,2017/7-384, 2017/7-385 and 2020/5-190) partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. BUSCO27 v3.0.2b was run with the mammalia_odb9 dataset. Gffread70 was used to re-group transcripts into genes, retaining only one transcript per unique CDS region. W Derrien, T. et al. An initial QC scan showed no putative wrong joins, and so long-distance interaction information from HiC (HiRise, Dovetail Genomics) was used to successfully extend scaffolds to chromosome level (scaffold N50: 64.3Mb). In contrast, Mellersh and others (1997 ) mapped 150 microsatellite markers onto large 3-generation cross-bred reference families to generate a framework map, and they identified 30 linkage groups comprising 2 or more markers. Nacheva There were a few genes that stood out as consistently different . Chader Chromosome means 'coloured body', that refers to its staining ability by certain dyes. ISSN 2399-3642 (online). Three additional callers were adapted to discover other types of median size SVs (50bp30kb). Chin, C.-S. et al. 36, 19031908 (2008). For sequencing coverage, bamCoverage (Deeptools78 v3.3.2) with a 25bp window was used, with unmapped reads and secondary alignments excluded from the analysis. The reduction in chromosome number was caused by the head-to-head fusion of two ancestral chromosomes to form human chromosome 2 (HSA2) and may have contributed to the reproductive barrier with Great Apes. Genes are defined by a unique sequence of nucleotides which can be as few as a hundred bases or as many as a million. Juneja 10, 3240 (2019). AA Chr X SVs that were only supported by CNVnator were pruned as the algorithm lacks the right model sex chromosome. Many of the microsatellites derived from the domestic dog are polymorphic in other canids, and indeed they have been used to look at wild canid populations. Johansson Mischka was free of known genetic disorders, and when compared with additional German Shepherd sourced from within Sweden, was found to be genetically representative of the breed (Supplementary Fig. PLoS Genet. Polymorphic expression of CYP1A2 leading to interindividual variability in metabolism of a novel benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist in dogs. Death of PRDM9 coincides with stabilization of the recombination landscape in the dog genome. P Full-length CYP1A2 sits within copies of the green fragment. Long-read sequence assembly of the gorilla genome. N and M.L.A. Length of DNA. teledyne hastings instruments; dog chromosome 1 function; 22, 5163 (2012). Most of these cells contain a nucleus. Open Access funding provided by Uppsala University. Fate Chem. Each gene has a specific code that is passed from parent to offspring. Cluster 1 comprised dogs of Asian and African originthought to be older lineagesas well as gray wolves. & Bleasby, A. EMBOSS: the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. Commun. These calculations included primer specific efficiencies and used the average Ct from all control samples for initial delta Ct normalisation. Genome Research 11 (10):1784-1795. Deep sequencing of a candidate region harboring the SOX9 gene for the canine XX disorder of sex development. Mapa Chromosomes 1 and 3 are said to be metacentric in homo sapiens. Dispos. At the time of this writing, very few of the inherited diseases in dogs have been characterized at the molecular level. Several hundred polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellites have been characterized ( Ostrander and others 1995 ). SJ Visit the Image . The PCR strand-switch protocol and the SQK-LSK109 kit were used for MinION sequencing (Nanopore). K . JM P Brewer Genet. Condensed chromatin fibers form chromosomes. 40, 3752 (2012). Science 352, aae0344 (2016). $50 single test per animal ($5 discount on 3 or more dogs) $30 as additional test on same animal. BMC Genomics 13, 324 (2012). Genome 13, 380387 (2002). P Nat. Kurtz, S. et al. Methods 13, 10501054 (2016). Biol. Down-regulation of the let-7i facilitates gastric cancer invasion and metastasis by targeting COL1A1. Int. 1a). & Birol, I. ARCS: scaffolding genome drafts with linked reads. Bosma Dogs therefore have potential as animal models for gene therapy experiments, and although dogs have some disadvantages as experimental animals, they may be suitable intermediate-sized models with their greater lifespan allowing longer term studies than are possible in mice. Sillero-Zubiri Key genomic regions were completed, including the Dog Leucocyte Antigen (DLA), T Cell Receptor (TCR) and 366 COSMIC cancer genes. Cite this article. .KL.-T. is a Distinguished Professor at the Swedish Research Council. Stringtie2 was further used to merge transcripts from the individual assemblies of long and short reads. Ethical approvals for sampling were granted by Uppsala Animal Ethical Committee and Swedish Board of Agriculture (C139/9, C2/12, C12/15). Finally, the scientific community hopes to work with the canine breeding community to deplete disease susceptibility alleles from the populations. To facilitate the reanalysis of these resources with GSD_1.0 we aimed to identify the genomes dark regions31; those sections either not adequately covered due to sequencing method (dark by depth, dark) or to which unique alignment is not possible (camouflaged regions, camouflaged). Physical and linkage mapping of human chromosome 17 loci to dog chromosomes 9 and 5, Linkage of a microsatellite marker to the canine copper toxicosis locus in Bedlington terriers, Canine X chromosome-linked hereditary nephritis: A genetic model for human X-linked hereditary nephritis resulting from a single base mutation in the gene encoding the a5 chain of collagen type IV, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility), ILAR: A Retrospective and Prospective Look, History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicines Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals, About the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Anticipated Future Contributions of the Map, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, M. Olivier and M. Breen, personal communication, 1997, Copyright 2023 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Savolainen Rice 8a) are contiguous in GSD_1.025 (covering 2.58 and 0.61Mb, respectively) and contain new coding and potential regulatory sequences absent in CanFam3.1 gaps. C Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Article Loechel 9). Over the last 100 years, the increasing popularity of dog shows has altered the pattern of breeding such that the majority of dogs are now bred largely for their appearance. b Reads from both original and homologous M1, M2 and M3 fragments were mapped to chr 18 of GSD_1.0. Most have nothing to do with disease, but they serve as street signs ("markers") for navigating the dog genome. Repetitive elements were annotated by Repeat Masker v4.0.8 in a sensitive mode (http://www.repeatmasker.org) with a combined library (dc20171107-rb20181026). Question 13. M Report on the progress of standardisation of the G-banded canine, Committee for the standardized karyotype of the dog, Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog. Many of the disorders are breed-specific; and even in conditions such as retinal dysplasias, which occur in several breeds, cross-breeding experiments have revealed that at least 3 different genes ( rcd1, rcd2, and erd ) are involved in the different breeds ( Acland and others 1989 ). Mamm. X-linked genes. Scaffolding correctness was evaluated by aligning scaffold sequences onto the high-density canine linkage map15. Reads from BARKbase72 (Supplementary Data1) were aligned with BWA mem and peaks called with Genrich (https://github.com/jsh58/Genrich). (A) The variation in K s values (in black) of dog and human orthologs along this chromosome.K s value hotspots are indicated in green above A. PubMed Central Chromosomes are thread-like structures present in the nucleus. 10x sequencing allowed for the detection of many novel SVs with small to medium size (30kb) with accurate breakpoints. Researchers then narrowed the field of SNPs associated with small size by SNP genotyping in and around the IGF-1 gene in 463 Portuguese water dogs. 1b), leading to a 14% increase in the average length of CpG islands (1056 vs 926bp, P=8.4104, t-test). Pharmacogenetics 14, 769773 (2004). Holmes 5a, b). To find a mutation that controls or is associated with a trait, scientists usually compare the DNA of dogs that have the trait to those that do not. Shi, Y. et al. Genetic mapping in the dog will produce results of veterinary importance and, through comparative genetics, will provide data of medical and biological interest.

New Fairfield Public Schools Employment, Bennigan's Asiago Chicken Pasta Recipe, Emma Spring Erskine Records, Articles D